Table 3:
Results of Cox proportional hazards regression analyses predicting initiation of alcohol use
| Model 1 | Model 2 HR (95% CI) |
Final Model HR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | |||
| Offspring discrimination | |||
| Racial | |||
| alcohol use initiation ≤ age 13 | 1.97 (1.15–3.39) | 2.01 (1.17–3.46) | 1.04 (0.88–1.24) |
| alcohol use initiation ≥ age 14 | 0.95 (0.81–1.13) | 0.96 (0.81–1.13) | |
| Socioeconomic* | |||
| Female | 1.41 (1.07–1.86) | 1.42 (1.07–1.88) | 1.49 (1.14–1.93) |
| Male | 0.83 (0.62–1.12) | 0.81 (0.60–1.09) | 0.77 (0.57–1.06) |
| Female | 0.81 (0.69–0.95) | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) |
| Maternal history of problem drinking | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | 1.18 (0.98–1.41) | 1.06 (0.89–1.26) |
| Maternal discrimination | |||
| One type: racial or socioeconomic | - | 0.80 (0.65–0.99) | 0.83 (0.67–1.02) |
| Both racial and socioeconomic | - | 0.82 (0.68–1.00) | 0.86 (0.71–1.03) |
| Lifetime psychosocial/psychiatric risk factors | |||
| Ever smoke | |||
| alcohol use initiation ≤ age 13 | - | - | 5.62 (3.17–9.96) |
| alcohol use initiation ≥ age 14 | - | - | 1.50 (1.26–1.78) |
| Cannabis use | - | - | 2.37 (1.98–2.83) |
| Major depressive disorder | - | - | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) |
| Conduct disorder | - | - | 1.15 (0.89–1.50) |
| Childhood physical abuse/harsh punishment or neglect | - | - | 1.13 (0.95–1.33) |
| Childhood sexual abuse | - | - | 0.86 (0.70–1.06) |
Note. HR = Hazards ratio. 95% CI = 95% confidence intervals.
*
Separate estimates were generated for females and males, given the significant gender x socioeconomic discrimination interaction. All models were adjusted for age, risk group (i.e., father’s drinking history), household income, and maternal and paternal education level. None of the protective factors (i.e., religious involvement, social support from friends, and social support from siblings) or their interactions with discrimination variables were significant, so they are not included in the final model.