TABLE 1.
Demographic, anthropometric, body composition and energy expenditure measurements after 5 days of walnut or placebo
| Placebo |
Walnut |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Day 1 | Day 5 | Day 1 | Day 5 | P |
| Demografic | 10 | ||||
| n | 10 | 50.7 ± 2.3 | |||
| Age, years | 50.7 ± 2.3 | 6 (60) | |||
| Men, n (%) | 6 (60) | 4 (40) | |||
| Women, n (%) | 4 (40) | 5 (50) | |||
| African American, n (%) | 5 (50) | 4 (40) | |||
| White, n (%) | 4 (40) | 1 (10) | |||
| Hispanic, n (%) | 1 (10) | ||||
| History of disease | 3 (30) | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 3 (30) | 1 (10) | |||
| Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) | 1 (10) | ||||
| Anthropometry | |||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 36.8 ± 2.5 | 36.6 ± 2.5 | 37.1 ± 2.5 | 36.8 ± 2.4 | 0.35 |
| Body weight, kg | 107 ± 5.8 | 106 ± 5.6 | 108 ± 5.8 | 107 ± 5.52 | 0.35 |
| Waist circumference iliac, cm | 122 ± 7.1 | 121 ± 5.5 | 121 ± 5.7 | 124 ± 6.01 | 0.95 |
| Hip, cm | 118 ± 5.2 | 121 ± 5.5 | 123 ± 5.5 | 122 ± 5.61 | 0.16 |
| Waist/Hip | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.02 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 0.97 ± 0.03 | 0.57 |
| Fat body mass, kg | NDa | 42.9 ± 5.5 | NDa | 42.6 ± 5.3 | 0.73 |
| Fat (% of body mass) | NDa | 38.8 ± 3.4 | NDa | 38.4 ± 3.1 | 0.31 |
| Lean body mass, kg | NDa | 61.8 ± 2.3 | NDa | 62.5 ± 2.3 | 0.33 |
| VAT mass, g | NDa | 651 ± 95.5 | NDa | 665 ± 93.3 | 0.72 |
| RQ | NDa | 0.85 ± 0.01 | NDa | 0.86 ± 0.019 | 0.47 |
| REE, kcal/d | NDa | 1733 ± 87.1 | NDa | 1775 ± 78.1 | 0.51 |
| Fecal fat | |||||
| Total fecal fat, g/24 h | 1.76 ± 0.45 | 2.18 ± 0.65 | 2.71 ± 1.32 | 2.14 ± 0.72 | 0.52 |
| Fecal wet weight, g | 96.2 ± 21.3 | 163 ± 32.1 | 68.5 ± 13.6 | 164 ± 25.1 | 0.71 |
| % fat excreted | 1.9 ± 0.45 | 1.43 ± 0.48 | 2.49 ± 0.92 | 1.33 ± 0.47 | 0.62 |
Abbreviations: ND, no data; REE, resting energy expenditure; RQ, respiratory quotient; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.
Some assessments were done at select visits. Data shown as means ± SEM. P values are from a general linear mixed-model analysis of day 5 values of the walnut and placebo phases. The variables of treatment, visit and sequence were included in the model as fixed effects, and participant-within-sequence was included as a random effect, baseline values from the first visits in each arm were included as covariates when available. There was no significant difference between the baseline values of both the phases using a Mann–Whitney U-test. VAT = a random effect. Baseline values from the first visits in each RQ.