. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019 Jul 2;21(9):2086–2095. doi: 10.1111/dom.13773

TABLE 2.

Post-smoothie area under the curve of metabolic biomarkers and appetite-regulating hormones after 5 days of treatment with walnut or placebo

Variables^a	Placebo Day 5	Walnut Day 5	P
Glucose, mg/dL*min	18 496 ± 476	17 820 ± 402	0.02
Insulin, μIU/mL*min	4822 ± 640	4678 ± 799	0.04
PYY, pg/mL*min	19 892 ± 1147	22 314 ± 1340	0.03
Leptin, pg/mL*min	7940 ± 1936	7482 ± 1681	0.07
Adiponectin, μg/mL*min	4208 ± 368	4413 ± 217	0.31
Ghrelin, pg/mL*min	91 248 ± 8330	92 241 ± 7071	0.71
Oxyntomodulin, pg/mL*min	88 583 ± 9524	90 212 ± 10 275	0.84
GLP-1, pg/mL*min	7489 ± 1038	7368 ± 756	0.97
GIP, pg/mL*min	37 622 ± 2325	35 050 ± 4109	0.61
FGF-21, pg/mL*min	13 081 ± 2651	12 039 ± 2429	0.31
C-peptide, ng/mL*min	1002 ± 152	946 ± 125	0.63
GH, ng/mL*min	74 ± 25	40 ± 6.7	0.32
IGF-1, ng/mL*min	23 971 ± 4025	24 706 ± 3408	0.68
IGFBP3, ng/mL*min	1522 ± 223	1695 ± 301	0.68
Cortisol, μg/dL*min	2189 ± 196	1840 ± 99	0.18

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; FGF-21, fibroblast growth factor 21; GH, growth hormone; GIP, gastric inhibitory polypeptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IGFBP3, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3; PYY, peptide YY.

AUC varibles are expressed as concentration*time (0–30–60–120–180 minutes). Data shown as means ± SEM. P values are from general linear mixed-model analysis of day-5 values of the walnut and placebo phases. Variables of treatment, visit and sequence were included in the model as fixed effects and participant-within-sequence was included as a random effect.