Table 3:
Relationship between sensory impairment and average annual total healthcare cost per individual in 2006 dollars stratified by dementia status.
| Dementia | No Dementia | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average Cost (95% CI) | P value | Average Cost (95% CI) | P value | |
| Unadjusted | ||||
| No VI or HI | $15,273 (13,609–17,140) | REF | $8,531 (8,349–8,718) | REF |
| VI only | $20,771 (17,105–25,201) | 0.002 | $9,896 (9,555–10,408) | <0.001 |
| HI only | $17,106 (14,357–20,313) | 0.207 | $9,982 (9,640–10,408) | <0.001 |
| DSI | $19,397 (16,495–22,757) | 0.004 | $11,688 (11,261–12,200) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 | ||||
| No VI or HI | $22,737 (9,991–51,741) | REF | $2,589 (2,180–3,075) | REF |
| VI only | $29,557 (10,690–36,151) | 0.008 | $2,952 (2,823– 3,081) | <0.001 |
| HI only | $26,602 (22,282–31,831) | 0.092 | $2,900 (2,797–3,004) | <0.001 |
| DSI | $28,875 (24,328–34,105) | 0.005 | $3,340 (3,211–3,470) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | ||||
| No VI or HI | $17,961 (7,909–40,792) | REF | $2,167 (1,821–2,577) | REF |
| VI only | $21,554 (17,602–26,224) | 0.074 | $2,427 (2,340–2,535) | <0.001 |
| HI only | $20,117 (16,704–23,889) | 0.228 | $2,427 (2,340–2,535) | <0.001 |
| DSI | $21,733 (18,321–25,685) | 0.029 | $2,773 (2,665–2,903) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | ||||
| No VI or HI | $13,396 (5,944–30,187) | REF | $1,237 (1,044–1,466) | REF |
| VI only | $15,137 (12,458–18,486) | 0.230 | $1,336 (1,287–1,398) | <0.001 |
| HI only | $14,199 (11,788–16,878) | 0.551 | $1,349 (1,312–1,398) | <0.001 |
| DSI | $14,735 (12,458–17,414) | 0.273 | $1,460 (1,398–1,510) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 | ||||
| No VI or HI | $10,466 (4,600–23,812) | REF | $1,056 (896–1,245) | REF |
| VI only | $11,617 (9,524–14,233) | 0.282 | $1,099 (1,056–1,141) | 0.063 |
| HI only | $10,570 (8,896–12,664) | 0.890 | $1,120 (1,077–1,151) | 0.002 |
| DSI | $11,303 (9,524–13,291) | 0.395 | $1,151 (1,109–1,204) | <0.001 |
Model 1 was adjusted for age, gender, race, income, and living situation. Model 2 added adjustment for Medicaid eligibility. Model 3 added adjustment for Group A chronic conditions (hypertension, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid and other arthritis, and osteoporosis). Model 4 added adjustment for Group B chronic conditions (coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, cancer, or lung disease). Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DSI, dual sensory impairment; HI, hearing impairment; REF, reference; VI, vision impairment.