Table 4:

Relationship between sensory impairment and average annual Medicare Fee for Service cost per individual in 2006 dollars stratified by dementia status.

	Dementia		No Dementia
	Average Cost (95% CI)	P value	Average Cost (95% CI)	P value
Unadjusted
No VI or HI	$8,867 (7,360–10,683)	REF	$4,518 (4,360–4,682)	REF
VI only	$13,655 (9,931–18,798)	0.007	$5,331 (4,970–5,738)	<0.001
HI only	$10,197 (7,714–13,478)	0.318	$5,150 (4,879–5,467)	<0.001
DSI	$12,236 (9,399–15,872)	0.017	$6,416 (6,009–6,867)	<0.001
Model 1
No VI or HI	$9,421 (2,411–36,812)	REF	$684 (515–909)	REF
VI only	$13,849 (10,080–19,124)	0.019	$773 (719–835)	<0.001
HI only	$11,117 (8,290–14,791)	0.272	$725 (678–767)	0.080
DSI	$12,341 (9,420–16,110)	0.050	$862 (808–924)	<0.001
Model 2
No VI or HI	$5,585 (1,418–21,996)	REF	$455 (341–606)	REF
VI only	$7,205 (5,194–9,941)	0.127	$497 (463–532)	0.014
HI only	$6,032 (4,524–8,098)	0.585	$482 (454–514)	0.059
DSI	$6,590 (5,027–8,657)	0.224	$570 (533–609)	<0.001
Model 3
No VI or HI	$4,055 (1,039–15,831)	REF	$250 (188–333)	REF
VI only	$4,907 (3,528–6,772)	0.259	$266 (248–285)	0.089
HI only	$4,136 (3,123–5,556)	0.879	$259 (244–275)	0.270
DSI	$4,380 (3,325–5,759)	0.592	$286 (267–306)	<0.001
Model 4
No VI or HI	$3,338 (851–13,097)	REF	$184 (139–244)	REF
VI only	$3,872 (2,804–5,374)	0.364	$186 (173–199)	0.799
HI only	$3,238 (2,436–4,339)	0.840	$181 (170–192)	0.567
DSI	$3,505 (2,637–4,606)	0.737	$193 (180–206)	0.173

Model 1 was adjusted for age, gender, race, income, and living situation. Model 2 added adjustment for Medicaid eligibility. Model 3 added adjustment for Group A chronic conditions (hypertension, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid and other arthritis, and osteoporosis). Model 4 added adjustment for Group B chronic conditions (coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, cancer, or lung disease). Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DSI, dual sensory impairment; HI, hearing impairment; REF, reference; VI, vision impairment