Table 4.
Cation and anion concentration (mg/L) in Bangladesh in surface water and groundwater. Data are extracted from various individual studies and arranged chronologically based on year of publication of the reviewed articles. Values given represents the mean values or mean values plus-minus standard deviation (S.D.), where the values with ± in the parenthesis () represents average ± S.D.
| Samples Location | Na+ | K+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | NH4+ | Cl- | F- | NO3- | HCO3-/CO2- | SO42- | PO42- | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surface Water | ||||||||||||
| Surma River (Dry) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (0.18 ± 0.09) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Alam et al., 2007) |
| Surma River (Monsoon) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (0.12 ± 0.07) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Alam et al., 2007) |
| Mouri River | 25.968 | 3.68 | 69.717 | 48.33 | ─ | ─ | ─ | 1.277 | ─ | 49.507 | 7.765 | (Kamal et al., 2007) |
| Sadar ghat, Buriganga River (Rainny Season) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | Trace | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Saha et al., 2009) |
| Sadar ghat, Buriganga River (Winter Season) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | Trace | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Saha et al., 2009) |
| Surface Water near Dhaka-Narayanganj-Demra (D.N.D) Embankment | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (3699.83 ± 2136.28) | (3.33 ± 3.53) | (55.80 ± 66.81) | ─ | (1443.87 ± 1962.82) | (292.89 ± 66.68) | (Sultana et al., 2009) |
| Barapukuria, Dinajpur (Drainage Water) | ─ | 7.37 | 26.2 | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Bhuiyan et al., 2010) |
| Barapukuria, Dinajpur (Ground Water) | ─ | 2.13 | 7.11 | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Bhuiyan et al., 2010) |
| Buriganga River, Dhaka (Different Seasons) | 252.78 | 40.25 | 27.547 | ─ | ─ | 68.74 | ─ | 1.715 | ─ | ─ | 2.13 | (Ahmed et al., 2011b) |
| Katrnatoli River, Savar, Dhaka (Different Seasons) | 113.43 | 7.11 | 20.37 | ─ | ─ | 26.407 | ─ | 1.333 | ─ | ─ | 3.803 | (Ahmed et al., 2011b) |
| Ashulia, Dhaka | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (81.67 ± 21.38) | ─ | (7.42 ± 3.35) | ─ | (94.42 ± 33.71) | (4.62 ± 1.24) | (Bhuiyan et al., 2011) |
| Amin Bazar, Dhaka | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (93 ± 38.01) | ─ | (7.61 ± 3.64) | ─ | (78.75 ± 30.82) | (5.38 ± 1.28) | (Bhuiyan et al., 2011) |
| Tejgaon area, Dhaka (Wet Season) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | 6.7 | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Mondol et al., 2011) |
| Tejgaon area, Dhaka (Dry Season) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | 198.3 | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Mondol et al., 2011) |
| Karatoa river | (15.94 ± 2.88) | (15.03 ± 2.34) | (44.32 ± 9.04) | (15.84 ± 5.53) | ─ | (3.12 ± 0.66) | ─ | ─ | (2.59 ± 1.12) | (7.43 ± 5.19) | (1.58 ± 0.37) | (Zakir et al., 2012) |
| Turag river | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | 34 | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Banu et al., 2013) |
| Shitalakshyaa River | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | 67.5 | ─ | 1 | ─ | ─ | 0.825 | (Sikder et al., 2013) |
| Turagh River | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | 7.5 | ─ | 1.5 | ─ | ─ | 1.75 | (Sikder et al., 2013) |
| Bongshi River | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | 10 | ─ | 2 | ─ | ─ | 0.983 | (Sikder et al., 2013) |
| Karnaphuli River, Chittagong (Summer) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (0.193 ± 0.09) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Ali et al., 2016) |
| Karnaphuli River, Chittagong (Winter) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (0.3 ± 0.11) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Ali et al., 2016) |
| Ground Water | ||||||||||||
| Chandpur | 347.4417 | 7.624 | 64.733 | 45.488 | 9.48 | 602.213 | ─ | 0.553 | 286.917 | 20.268 | 4.547 | (Zahid et al., 2008) |
| Sirajdikhan, Munshiganj | (64.751 ± 73.634) | (10.106 ± 5.224) | (87.493 ± 41.445) | (44.336 ± 24.636) | ─ | (69.027 ± 96.983) | ─ | (3.930 ± 6.931) | (478.231 ± 181.080) | (5.230 ± 2.312) | (1.761 ± 1.603) | (Halim et al., 2009) |
| Bagerhat (Deep Tubewell) | 437.5 | 6.15 | 16.77 | 18.19 | ─ | 167.67 | ─ | 5.87 | 270.44 | 6.43 | ─ | (IWM, 2009) |
| Sonargaon, Narayanganj | 22.743 | 3.578 | 67.992 | 16 | 1.049 | 35.458 | ─ | 0.0822 | 272.55 | 1.542 | 3.55 | (Bhattacharya et al., 2009) |
| Chandina, Comilla | 123.456 | 9.52 | 24.267 | 33.7 | 9.288 | 153.878 | ─ | 0.104 | 307.111 | 0.5289 | 8.1578 | (Bhattacharya et al., 2009) |
| Mymensingh (Different types of Tubwells) | ─ | ─ | 37.917 | ─ | 0.963 | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | 0.823 | (Ahmed et al., 2010) |
| Ishwardi Municipal Area, Pabna (Dry Season) | 26.129 | 7.014 | 65.031 | 41.531 | ─ | 74.656 | ─ | 1.421 | 386.861 | 2.952 | 5.856 | (Hossain et al., 2010) |
| Ishwardi Municipal Area, Pabna (Wet Season) | 31.051 | 7.344 | 70.230 | 45.780 | ─ | 70.451 | ─ | 1.760 | 398.818 | 2.813 | 6.270 | (Hossain et al., 2010) |
| Eastern region of Bangladesh | (90.41 ± 206.67) | (9.14 ± 12.53) | (36.75 ± 23.19) | (23.88 ± 21.78) | ─ | (135.36 ± 311.96) | ─ | (9.1 ± 12.54) | (166.84 ± 123.27) | (11.26 ± 31.73) | (3.24 ± 1.69) | (Halim et al., 2010) |
| Noakhali (Shallow Tubewell) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | 875.61 | ─ | 3.91 | 305.12 | 4.39 | ─ | (Ahmed et al., 2011a) |
| Satkhira (Deep Tubewell) | 221.96 | 13.4 | 62.8 | 14.13 | ─ | 409.6 | ─ | 12.05 | 224.32 | 11.79 | ─ | (Rahman et al., 2011) |
| Mirpur, Dhaka city | 15.1 | 2.1 | 14.6 | 0.41 | ─ | 12.9 | ─ | 8.9 | 66 | 0.3 | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Banani, Dhaka city | 16.8 | 1.7 | 27.3 | 6.69 | ─ | 13 | ─ | 3.8 | 81 | 0.7 | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Tejgaon, Dhaka city | 24.3 | 2 | 27.7 | 9.02 | ─ | 56.7 | ─ | 20.5 | 86 | 19.5 | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Dhanmondi, Dhaka city | 32 | 1.9 | 54.4 | 1.69 | ─ | 50.1 | ─ | 9.7 | 174 | 15.5 | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Hazaribagh, Dhaka city | 43.5 | 1.9 | 45 | 16.9 | ─ | 46.8 | ─ | 0.03 | 179 | 31.6 | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Motijhil, Dhaka city | 21.9 | 2 | 29.6 | 11.9 | ─ | 25.4 | ─ | 10.1 | 122 | 14.6 | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Armanitola, Dhaka city | 27.6 | 2.4 | 49.5 | 19.3 | ─ | 41.2 | ─ | 0.03 | 222 | 7.2 | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Savar, Dhaka | 7.5 | 2 | 6.4 | 1.54 | ─ | 2.8 | ─ | 9 | 27 | 0.1 | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Dhamrai, Dhaka | 25.2 | 3 | 78.1 | 24.3 | ─ | 40.9 | ─ | 0.3 | 399 | 16.8 | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Chuadanga (Arsenates well water) | 117.9 | 9.5 | 294 | 70.9 | ─ | 632 | ─ | 0.03 | 700.2 | 0.1 | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Singair, Manikgonj | 27.3 | 8.8 | 72.3 | 36.4 | 0.5 | 38.1 | ─ | 1.4 | 179 | 17.7 | 2.6 | (Halim et al., 2014) |
| Faridpur | 13.598 | 8.788 | 120.032 | 28.22 | ─ | 17.288 | ─ | 2.371 | 616.359 | 6.20725 | ─ | (Bodrud-Doza et al., 2016) |
| Gupalganj (Deep Tubewell) | 180.77 | 3.47 | 53.08 | 22.81 | ─ | 96.52 | ─ | ─ | ─ | 39.35 | 0.93 | (Shammi et al., 2016) |
| Lakshmipur (Deep Tubewell) | 159.78 | 10.89 | 55.76 | 46.14 | ─ | 227.2 | ─ | ─ | 430.18 | 16.14 | ─ | (Bhuiyan et al., 2016) |
| Rajshahi City (Shallow Tubwells) | (23.12 ± 1.96) | (5.66 ± 0.57) | (78.35 ± 7.6) | (27.02 ± 2.13) | ─ | (55.315 ± 9.9) | ─ | (1.60 ± 0.48) | (245.30 ± 29.59) | (38.76 ± 5.2) | ─ | (Mostafa et al., 2017) |
| Rajshahi City (Deep Tubwells) | (22.77 ± 2.24) | (5.63 ± 0.52) | (78.54 ± 0.38) | (26.22 ± 1.66) | ─ | (44.9 ± 9.7) | ─ | (1.67 ± 0.51) | (188.36 ± 2.28) | (36.6 ± 2.92) | ─ | (Mostafa et al., 2017) |
| Sylhet | (47.167 ± 30.962) | (2.396 ± 1.782) | (7.183 ± 6.354) | (4.156 ± 3.083) | ─ | (12.331 ± 15.738) | ─ | (3.188 ± 7.320) | (147.659 ± 72.066) | (2.952 ± 5.214) | ─ | (Islam et al., 2017a) |
| Panchbibi, Joypurhat | (12.168 ± 2.102) | (0.301 ± 0.094) | (54.708 ± 4.385) | (4.036 ± 1.276) | ─ | ─ | (0.052 ± 0.022) | ─ | (136.971 ± 20.336) | (1.513 ± 0.242) | ─ | (Islam et al., 2017c) |
| Khulna (Shallow Tubewell) | 647.2 | 17.05 | 101.5 | 78.28 | ─ | 1776.74 | ─ | 2.61 | 510.05 | 4.97 | ─ | (Islam et al., 2017e) |
| Patuakhali (Deep Tubewell) | 78.99 | 3.8 | 12.47 | 9.34 | ─ | 298.13 | ─ | 11.57 | 391.02 | 12.5 | ─ | (Islam et al., 2017f) |
| Barguna (Shallow Tubewell) | 863 | 16.16 | 136 | 155 | ─ | 3513 | ─ | 4.12 | 254 | 19.48 | ─ | (Islam et al., 2017d) |
| WHO Standards | 200 | ─ | 100 | 150 | ─ | 250 | ─ | 50 | ─ | 500 | ─ | (WHO, 2011) |
| Bangladesh Standards (Drinking water) | 200 | 12 | 75 | 30–35 | 0.2 | 150–600 | 1 | 10 | ─ | 400 | 6 | (DPHE, 2018) |
| Bangladesh Standards (Industrial effluent) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | 600 | 7–15 | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (DoE, 2008) |