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. 2019 Aug 6;9:11380. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47832-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Theoretical comparisons of LD between Fisher’s exact test and the chi-squared test (pass: significant p-values) when allele frequencies of both variants are 0.1: (A). Statistical test results depending on D′ and sample sizes depending on available haplotype frequencies; (B). Simulation results for various sample sizes for 10,000 times; (C). Impact of population substructure depending on the allele frequencies of equal-sized populations (both loci in a population have the same allele frequency); (D). Impact of population substructure depending on the ratios of the second population when the allele frequency of first region is 0.1 for both populations.