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. 2019 Aug 6;9:11360. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47851-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of hyperosmolarity on Caco-2 cells oxygen consumption. Seven days after seeding, cells were cultured in isosmotic or hyperosomotic (50% and 100%) culture media during 2- or 24-h and then isolated and used for basal oxygen (ST3) consumption measurement (A) without any exogenous agent, (B) after addition of the Fo/F1 ATPase inhibitor oligomycin and (C) after addition of the uncoupler FCCP. OXPHOS was calculated for the 2-h hyperosmotic stress and corresponds to the oxygen consumption rate measured in permeabilized cells in presence of 1.5 mM saturated ADP concentration (D). Values are from three independent experiments (n = 5–18 for each experimental group). Mean significant differences (P < 0.05) are indicated by a different letter. Main factor and interaction effects are indicated with *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001. NS: Non-significant difference.