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. 2019 Aug 6;9:11384. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47664-w

Table 3.

Properties of biocrude-oil with and without catalyst (wt.% in dry basis).

Reaction Biocrude oil Yield C H N S O* HHV Energy recovery Ash content
No catalyst 14.6 ± 0.4 70.31 ± 0.3 11.03 ± 0.4 7.04 ± 0.3 1.07 ± 0.1 10.24 23.34 36.05 6.1 ± 0.1
Na2CO3 20.1 ± 0.3 74.83 ± 0.5 12.01 ± 0.3 5.01 ± 0.1 0.93 ± 0.3 7.03 25.59 54.42 4.5 ± 0.1
TiO2 18.74 ± 0.4 72.45 ± 0.3 9.03 ± 0.5 8.62 ± 0.1 0.78 ± 0.2 8.01 25.37 50.31 5.7 ± 0.1
CaO 17.37 ± 0.1 71.91 ± 0.3 8.02 ± 0.2 9.66 ± 0.2 1.15 ± 0.2 7.62 23.80 43.74 5.1 ± 0.1

*By difference.