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. 2019 Jul 31;7:184. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00184

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Copyright © 2019 Kahl, Gertig, Hoyer, Friedrich and Gilbert.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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3D printing of various geometries and shapes indicating the versatility of the ultra-low-cost bioprinter. (A) Images of differently sized grids constructed by printing of orthogonally orientated lines with varying spacing of 1 (left) and 0.5 mm (right). The smaller object indicates the limitations of the used needle/hydrogel combination for printing of lines separated by ~500 μm. Due to the fluidic nature of the hydrogel, closely neighboring lines merge upon printing, resulting in a disordered grid structure. (B) Square-shaped object of 20 mm edge length and 2 mm height, enclosing four different geometrical shapes (triangle, top-left; pentagon, top-right; rectangle, bottom-left; circle, bottom-right). (C) Tube (hollow cylinder) of 9 mm diameter and 14 mm height. (D) Overhanging structure (Half-cut and upside-down pyramid with concave top) indicating the stability of printed objects. Scale bars: 10 mm.