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Biosynthetic pathway of caffeoylquinic acids in plants. The roles of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA ligase (4CL), hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT), hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT), and p-coumaroyl ester 3′-hydroxylase (C3′H) are depicted.
