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Insulin signaling. IR, Insulin receptor; IRS1 and IRS2, IR substrate 1 and 2; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3-kinase–protein kinase B; AKT, protein kinase B; mTOR, target of rapamycin; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; GRB2, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; SOS, Son of Sevenless; RAS, Rat sarcoma GTPase protein; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase; FOXO, forkhead box O transcription factor; CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein.
