Table 2.
Biological Effects of DHA-derived eCBs and Derivatives
| Effects of DHEA in Brain | References |
|---|---|
| 9.5-fold increase in piglet brain from DHA supplementation | (30) |
| Synaptic activity induced in hippocampal neurons | (39) |
| Neurite growth increased 10-fold greater than DHA | (39) |
| 50 to 100-fold more effective than DHA in differentiating NSCs | (44) |
| Phosphorylation of PKA substrates increased | (44) |
| Ethanol impairment reversed | (45) |
| Cellular cAMP production increased | (45) |
| GPCR activation increased | (45) |
| Reversed cAMP reduction caused by ethanol (25mM) | (45) |
| Promoted axon development | (46) |
| Negatively regulated sonic hedgehog signaling in cortical neurons | (46) |
| Increased cortical neuron growth | (46) |
| Inhibited sonic hedgehog induced signaling | (46) |
| Effects of DHEA in adipose, peritoneum and pain | |
| Reduced IL-6 and MCP-1 levels in LPS-stimulated adipocytes | (47) |
| Causes negative correlation in size of adipocytes | (33) |
| Reduced nitric oxide production and MCP-1 levels in peritoneal | |
| macrophages and RAW264.7 cells | (48) |
| Increases glucose up-take, CB1, CB2 and NAPE-PLD expression in C2C12 myoblasts | (55) |
| Reduced headache severity by High ω−3/Low ω−6 diet | (56) |
| Effects of DHEA in cancer | |
| Induced death of LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells to androgen | (18) |
| Inhibits proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells | (50) |
| Yield reduction of AKT-mTOR pathway | (50) |
| Effects of DHEA metabolized by lipooxygenase (LOX) | |
| Reduced migration of PMN chemotaxis by IL-8 | (20) |
| Activates CB2 receptors (10,17-diDHEA & 15-HEDPEA) | (20) |
| Decreased platelet-leukocyte aggregation by 30%−40% | (20) |
| Effects of Docosahexaenoyl Ethanolamide Epoxides (EDP-EA) | |
| Significantly reduced pro-inflammatory nitric oxide and IL-6 | (19) |
| Induced anti-inflammatory cytokine production in primary microglial cultures | (19) |
| Effects of Monoacylglyceride Docosahexaenoic Acid (1-DHG) | |
| Reduced vasoconstriction from human pulmonary tissues | (68) |
| Reduced arterial tension comparably to H-1152 by 50% | (68) |
| Reduced RhoA activity by lowering coupling to GTP | (68) |
| Reduced phosphorylation of Rho-kinase, MYPT-1 and MLC | (67, 99) |
| Reverse hypertension in human pulmonary arteries | (67, 99) |
| Reduced expression of VEGF | (67, 99) |
| Reduced inflammatory markers in cystic fibrosis induced by LPS | (74) |
| Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid Dopamine (DHA-DA) | |
| Decelerated development of Parkinson’s disease symptoms | (85) |
| Elicits antioxidative properties under oxidative stress conditions | (85) |
| Suppressed nitric oxide production | (85) |
| Reduced pro-inflammatory markers, MCP-1, CCL-20 and IL-6 | (85) |
| Suppressed PGE2 by 75% | (85) |
| Reduced breast cancer cell viability | (87) |
| Decreases COX-2 transcript levels | (77) |
| Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid Serotonin (DHA-5HT) | |
| Inhibited IL-6 by 75% in LPS-stimulated RAW262.7 cells | (89) |
| Inhibited PGE2 in LPS-stimulated RAW262.7 cells | (89) |
| Suppressed pro-inflammatory mediator transcript levels | (89) |
| Downregulated pro-inflammatory IL’s and co-stimulatory T cell molecules | (89) |
| Inhibited migration of RAW264.7 cells | (89) |
| Suppressed IL-17 in PBMC’s by 80% | (90) |