Table 1.
MESA study participants characteristics
| Overall | EA | AA | HA | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 619 | 285 | 132 | 202 | |
| Age (years) | 68.72 (9.24) | 69.58 (9.55) | 69.05 (8.90) | 67.29 (8.88) | 0.024 |
| Sex, males (%) | 290 (46.8%) | 138 (48.4%) | 53 (40.2%) | 99 (49.0%) | 0.219 |
| Recruitment site (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Columbia University | 193 (31.2%) | 38 (13.3%) | 51 (38.6%) | 104 (51.5%) | |
| John Hopkins University | 165 (26.7%) | 86 (30.2%) | 79 (59.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| University of Minnesota | 236 (38.1%) | 138 (48.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 98 (48.5%) | |
| Wake Forest University | 25 (4.0%) | 23 (8.1%) | 2 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| ESS Score | 6.05 (4.04) | 5.93 (3.78) | 6.74 (4.45) | 5.76 (4.10) | 0.075 |
| Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (ESS > 10) | 85 (13.7%) | 38 (13.3%) | 24 (18.2%) | 23 (11.4%) | 0.204 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.79 (5.55) | 28.96 (5.55) | 30.73 (5.51) | 30.35 (5.43) | 0.002 |
| AHI (events/hour) | 19.59 (18.79) | 19.12 (19.60) | 17.68 (17.77) | 21.45 (18.25) | 0.184 |
| Moderate to Severe Apnea (AHI > 15) | 267 (46.05%) | 109 (42.2%) | 53 (41.7%) | 105 (53.8%) | 0.027 |
| Nocturnal Hypoxemia (%time < 90% saturation) | 4.22 (10.28) | 5.25 (12.48) | 3.34 (9.44) | 3.43 (6.97) | 0.097 |
| Nocturnal Hypoxemia ≥ 5% | 108 (18.6%) | 56 (21.7%) | 18 (14.2%) | 34 (17.4%) | 0.177 |
| Sleep Duration (minutes) | 391.42 (79.83) | 410.20 (71.77) | 360.48 (87.11) | 385.13 (78.76) | <0.001 |
| Less than 5 hours of sleep a night | 73 (11.9%) | 19 (6.8%) | 32 (24.6%) | 22 (11.0%) | <0.001 |
| Less than a college education (%) | 204 (33.0%) | 54 (18.9%) | 42 (32.1%) | 108 (53.5%) | <0.001 |
| Mother having less than a college education (%) | 485 (80.8%) | 197 (69.9%) | 107 (82.9%) | 181 (95.8%) | <0.001 |
| Doctor Diagnosed Insomnia | 34 (5.5%) | 11 (3.9%) | 9 (6.8%) | 14 (6.9%) | 0.262 |
| WHI Insomnia Rating Scale | 7.65 (4.68) | 7.44 (4.63) | 7.67 (4.51) | 7.95 (4.86) | 0.494 |
| CES Depression Scale | 8.33 (7.34) | 7.82 (6.93) | 8.20 (7.21) | 9.15 (7.94) | 0.144 |
| Currently Drink Alcohol | 286 (46.3%) | 167 (58.6%) | 53 (40.2%) | 66 (32.8%) | <0.001 |
| Smoking Status | 0.005 | ||||
| Never | 242 (39.2%) | 102 (35.8%) | 50 (37.9%) | 90 (44.8%) | |
| Former | 325 (52.6%) | 163 (57.2%) | 62 (47.0%) | 100 (49.8%) | |
| Current | 51 (8.3%) | 20 (7.0%) | 20 (15.2%) | 11 (5.5%) | |
| Nutrients: Total Fat (g) | 72.97 (44.14) | 73.06 (38.90) | 79.11 (53.50) | 68.68 (44.13) | 0.113 |
| Nutrients: Total Carbohydrates (g) | 215.13 (115.39) | 207.70 (90.12) | 226.91 (144.91) | 218.06 (125.33) | 0.264 |
| Long chain fatty acid score (mg/day) | 2.56 (2.36) | 2.23 (2.03) | 3.32 (2.80) | 2.53 (2.36) | <0.001 |
| Total AHEI-2010 | 54.00 (10.48) | 54.85 (10.70) | 52.88 (11.43) | 53.51 (9.38) | 0.148 |
| Antipsychotic medications | 4 (0.6%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.8%) | 2 (1.0%) | 0.675 |
| Non-tricyclic Antidepressants (other than MAOI) | 79 (12.8%) | 57 (20.1%) | 4 (3.0%) | 18 (9.0%) | <0.001 |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | 12 (1.9%) | 7 (2.5%) | 2 (1.5%) | 3 (1.5%) | 0.689 |
Data presented as mean (SD) or n (%). CES depression scale originated from the Center for Epidemiological Studies. AHEI is the Alternative Healthy Eating Index. WHI is the Women’s Health Initiative, and the scale ranges from 0 to 20. Test of difference were either done via regression (continuous variables) or chi-squared test (categorical variable).