Figure 5.

Gene analysis for chondrogenic differentiation and osteogenic differentiation from hBMSCs grown in different scaffolds. A,B) The expression of cartilage‐associated gene (COL II, aggrecan, SOX‐9, and COL I) after incubated for 7 and 14 days, respectively; C,D) the expression of osteogenesis‐associated gene (ALP, OCN, COL I, and RUNX2) after incubated for 7 and 14 days, respectively. Mn²⁺‐loaded PACG10‐GelMA10 hydrogel scaffold or BG‐loaded PACG35‐GelMA7 hydrogel scaffold significantly elevates the chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs, respectively (*p < 0.05, ^# p < 0.01, compared with control groups).