Table 2. Determinants of good ratings of poor quality.

	Blood pressure visit; poor technical quality (n = 17,996)			Accident visit; poor technical quality (n = 3,640)			Blood pressure visit; poor interpersonal quality (n = 3,541)			Accident visit; poor interpersonal quality (n = 3,667)
	AOR	95% CI	P value	AOR	95% CI	P value	AOR	95% CI	P value	AOR	95% CI	P value
Individual characteristics
Male gender	1.32	1.23–1.41	<0.001	1.28	1.09–1.49	< .01	1.46	1.25–1.72	< .001	1.21	1.04–1.42	< .001
Age	1.01	1.00–1.01	<0.001	1.01	1.00–1.01	.03	1.01	1.00–1.01	0.077	1.00	1.00–1.01	0.216
Educational attainment (reference: completed college or university)
Some college or university	1.19	1.09–1.30	<0.001	1.13	0.93–1.37	0.23	1.18	0.97–1.44	0.10	1.16	0.95–1.42	0.14
Secondary/ high school completed	1.40	1.29–1.53	<0.001	1.51	1.24–1.83	<0.001	1.42	1.17–1.74	<0.001	1.38	1.13–1.67	<0.01
Some secondary or high school	1.82	1.63–2.04	<0.001	1.86	1.45–2.38	<0.001	1.76	1.35–2.28	<0.001	2.02	1.56–2.60	<0.001
Primary school completed	2.13	1.80–2.53	<0.001	2.21	1.51–3.24	<0.001	3.81	2.47–5.89	<0.001	1.74	1.19–2.55	<0.01
Some primary school	2.70	2.16–3.36	<0.001	3.96	2.31–6.77	<0.001	2.01	1.23–3.26	<0.01	1.87	1.11–3.15	0.02
No formal schooling	2.22	1.90–2.59	<0.001	1.73	1.23–2.42	<0.01	2.18	1.51–3.15	<0.001	1.50	1.06–2.12	0.02
Rural residence	0.98	0.90–1.08	0.70	0.99	0.82–1.21	0.95	0.90	0.73–1.11	0.34	0.91	0.73–1.12	0.36
Self-reported health (reference: poor)
Fair	1.05	0.87–1.27	0.61	1.26	0.82–1.94	0.29	1.08	0.71–1.66	0.71	1.09	0.73–1.64	0.68
Good	2.34	1.96–2.79	<0.001	3.07	2.06–4.58	<0.001	2.59	1.74–3.86	<0.001	2.20	1.51–3.20	<0.001
Very good	2.95	2.46–3.54	<0.001	3.25	2.16–4.89	<0.001	3.8	2.53–5.71	<0.001	3.22	2.19–4.75	<0.001
Excellent	5.19	4.33–6.21	<0.001	6.27	4.17–9.42	<0.001	5.61	3.74–8.43	<0.001	6.22	4.21–9.18	<0.001
Number outpatient visits past yeara (reference: none)	1.04	1.03–1.05	<0.001	1.06	1.03–1.09	<0.001	1.03	1.01–1.06	0.010	1.06	1.03–1.08	<0.001
Ever experienced discriminationb (reference: no discrimination)	1.47	1.36–1.57	<0.001	1.26	1.08–1.48	0.01	1.35	1.15–1.59	<0.001	1.10	0.93–1.29	0.26
Country characteristics (12 countries)
Country variance	0.09	0.04–0.23		0.05	0.02–0.13		0.20	0.08–0.50		0.19	0.07–0.54
Likelihood ratio test versus logistic modelc (Prob. ≥ chibar2)	344.11		<0.001	26.72		<0.001	122.64		<0.001	121.89		<0.001

These results are from a random intercept multilevel logistic regression. Coefficients are the AOR of having low expectations of care (defined as a rating of good or better on the vignettes). Data are unweighted.

^aThe prompt for number of visits was “In the past year, how many times did you go to a clinic, health center, or hospital to receive health care for yourself? (Please do not include any times you stayed overnight.).”

^bThe question regarding discrimination was “Have you ever been discriminated against, hassled, or made to feel inferior by a health provider/staff for any of these reasons?”

^cThe likelihood ratio test compares this model to an ordinary logistic model and is significant for all outcomes. This supports the decision to use multilevel models.

Abbreviation: AOR, adjusted odds ratio