Fig 3. AA increased proliferation of primary chondrocytes and differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro.

Proliferation of primary (A) growth plate chondrocytes and (B) epiphyseal chondrocytes was increased by AA treatment. Proliferation of (C) primary calvarial osteoblasts was unaffected by AA treatment. ALP activity of (D) growth plate chondrocytes and (E) epiphyseal chondrocytes was not changed by AA treatment, while ALP activity of (F) calvarial osteoblasts was increased by AA treatment. Results are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 vs. control (pairwise t-tests with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons [A–E] or Student’s t-test [F]), n = 6–8 per group.