Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics of Subjects Who Participated in Different Steps of the Study
| Variable | Stroke | Control | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enrolled Subjects |
Not Passive |
Passive | Scanned | fMRI Analysis |
Enrolled Subjects |
Not Passive |
Passive | Scanned | fMRI Analysis |
|
| N | 22 (9 F) | 12 (3 F) | 10 (6 F) | 8 (4 F) | 5 (3 F) | 23 (14 F) | 9 (4 F) | 14 (10 F) | 11 (8 F) | 10 (7 F) |
| Age (years) | 62 (12) | 60 (13) | 64 (11) | 64 (8) | 68 (7) | 62 (12) | 61 (17) | 63 (7) | 64 (7) | 65 (7) |
| Sex (M/F) | 13/9 | 9/3 | 4/6 | 4/4 | 2/3 | 9/14 | 5/4 | 4/10 | 3/8 | 3/7 |
| Height (cm) | 174 (9) | 175 (8) | 173 (10) | 175 (10) | 174 (12) | 170 (10) | 174 (13) | 168 (7) | 169 (8) | 168 (8) |
| Mass (kg) | 87 (18) | 91 (21) | 83 (14) | 85 (14) | 81 (13) | 77 (13) | 77 (16) | 76 (12) | 75 (12) | 73 (11) |
| BMI | 29 (6) | 30 (7) | 28 (4) | 28 (4) | 27 (4) | 26 (4) | 25 (4) | 27 (4) | 26 (4) | 26 (3) |
| Time since stroke (years) | 8 (4) | 8 (5) | 8 (3) | 8 (3) | 8 (4) | |||||
| Stroke location | ||||||||||
| C | 10 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 3 | |||||
| SC | 9 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |||||
| UN | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Paretic limb | ||||||||||
| L | 12 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 2 | |||||
| R | 10 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | |||||
| Walking velocity (m/s) Fugl-Meyer score |
0.76 (0.37) | 0.89 (0.38) | 0.63 (0.34) | 0.68 (0.32) | 0.77 (0.36) | |||||
| Total (96) | 79 (8) | 81 (9) | 76 (8) | 76 (8) | 77 (10) | |||||
| Motor (34) | 24 (5) | 26 (5) | 23 (6) | 23 (6) | 24 (7) | |||||
| Sensory (12) | 9 (3) | 10 (2) | 9 (4) | 9 (4) | 8 (5) | |||||
| Balance (10) | 7 (1) | 8 (1) | 7 (1) | 7 (1) | 6 (0) | |||||
| ROM (20) | 18 (2) | 18 (2) | 18 (2) | 18 (2) | 18 (2) | |||||
| Pain (20) | 20 (0) | 20 (0) | 20 (0) | 20 (0) | 20 (0) | |||||
| Hyperreflexic | ||||||||||
| Y | 13 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 4 | |||||
| N | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| NA | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Note. Values are mean (SD). fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging; M/F = male/female; BMI = body mass index; C/SC/UN = cortical/subcortical/unknown; L/R = left/right; FMA = Fugl–Meyer assessment; ROM = range of motion; Y/N/NA = yes/no/not assessed.