Table 3.
Pedaling-Related Brain Activation During Passive and Volitional Pedaling
| Stroke | Control | pg | pc | gg×c | pc×r | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passive | Volitional | Passive | Volitional | |||||
| Volume | ||||||||
| All regions | 21,060 (14,382) | 24,983 (19,766) | 30,459 (21,070) | 35,094 (29,558) | .41 | .46 | .95 | .61 |
| MlSl | 12,396 (8,029) | 12,711 (10,081) | 16,996 (10,452) | 17,947 (11,613) | ||||
| BA6 | 3,478 (3,532) | 4,689 (4,700) | 3,670 (5,270) | 3,642 (4,138) | ||||
| Cb | 5,186 (5,659) | 7,583 (6,216) | 9,793 (7,662) | 13,506 (14,870) | ||||
| Intensity | ||||||||
| All regions | 1.82 (0.53) | 2.15 (0.41) | 1.28 (0.33) | 1.31 (0.21) | <.001 | .13 | .13 | .30 |
| MlSl | 1.80 (0.45) | 2.03 (0.63) | 1.33 (0.35) | 1.34 (0.23) | ||||
| BA6 | 1.71 (0.50) | 2.32 (0.25) | 1.16 (0.46) | 1.05 (0.26) | ||||
| Cb | 1.61 (0.89) | 2.21 (0.66) | 1.16 (0.32) | 1.26 (0.31) | ||||
| LI | ||||||||
| All regions | −0.22 (0.33) | −0.14 (0.21) | −0.01 (0.12) | −0.05 (0.15) | .11 | .21 | .36 | .61 |
| MlSl | −0.21 (0.31) | −0.14 (0.17) | 0.01 (0.15) | 0.00 (0.21) | ||||
| BA6 | −0.23 (0.48) | −0.08 (0.31) | 0.00 (0.37) | 0.13 (0.57) | ||||
| Cb | −0.45 (0.45) | −0.33 (0.42) | −0.06 (0.18) | −0.13 (0.31) | ||||
Note. Volume, intensity, and LI are shown for stroke and control during passive and volitional pedaling, p values for each measure are from separate mixed-effect ANOVAs with two levels of condition (passive and volitional), two levels of group (stroke and control), and three levels of region (M1S1, BA6, and Cb). Values are mean (SD). pg = group effect; pc = condition effect; pg×c = Group × Condition effect; pc×r = Condition × Region effect; M1S1 = primary motor and sensory cortices; BA6 = Brodmann’s area 6; Cb = cerebellum; LI = laterality index; ANOVA = analysis of variance.