TABLE 1.

Characteristics of study samples by survey round¹

	Baseline 2015 (T1)		Endline 2017 (T2)		Intensive T2 – T1, pp/mean difference	Nonintensive T2 – T1, pp/mean difference	P 2
Characteristics	Intensive (n = 1328)	Nonintensive (n = 1318)	Intensive (n = 1360)	Nonintensive (n = 1360)
Household factors
Religion: Orthodox Christian, %	98.19	93.92	97.57	94.78	−0.62	0.86	0.31
Children aged <5 y, n	1.38 ± 0.53	1.35 ± 0.51	1.35 ± 0.54	1.33 ± 0.53	−0.03	−0.2	0.81
Ownership of house, %	83.06	77.31	82.72	76.10	−0.34	−1.21	0.82
Ownership of garden, %	15.40	15.07	16.99	11.91	1.59	−3.16	0.15
Ownership of agricultural land, %	66.27	65.25	67.43	67.06	1.16	1.81	0.84
SES index,3n	−0.00 ± 0.83	−0.08 ± 0.89	0.06 ± 0.84	−0.02 ± 0.85	0.07	0.06	0.92
Food security score (range: 0–27), n	3.00 ± 4.73	2.86 ± 4.61	3.08 ± 4.94	2.50 ± 4.42	0.08	−0.36	0.32
Food insecurity, %	42.10	41.63	42.50	37.21	0.40	−4.42	0.33
Household dietary diversity (range: 0–12), n	6.20 ± 1.32	6.29 ± 1.27	6.36 ± 1.32	6.17 ± 1.39	0.16	−0.13	0.10
Household hygiene score (range: 0–10), n	5.51 + 3.50	5.97 + 3.32	5.84 + 3.47	5.72 + 3.62	0.32*	−0.25	0.19
Maternal factors
Age, y	28.26 ± 6.11	28.09 ± 6.12	28.51 ± 6.09	28.51 ± 5.95	0.24	0.42	0.61
Education (range: 0–16), y	1.58 ± 3.21	1.97 ± 3.57	2.37 ± 3.68	2.55 ± 3.85	0.78*	0.58***	0.51
Occupation as housewife, %	85.39	82.60	72.57	76.76	−12.82**	5.83*	0.05
BMI, kg/m2	19.80 ± 2.36	19.94 ± 2.44	20.09 ± 2.35	20.16 ± 2.45	0.29**	0.23*	0.57
Maternal dietary diversity (range: 0–10), n	2.75 ± 0.83	2.73 ± 0.83	2.80 ± 0.96	2.75 ± 1.03	0.05	0.02	0.75
Health services access
Antenatal care visits, n	3.84 ± 1.70	3.83 ± 1.71	4.09 ± 1.36	3.96 ± 1.36	0.25**	0.13	0.24
Delivered birth at health facility, %	48.39	55.75	73.88	74.91	25.48***	19.15***	0.10
Children received full immunization, %	48.72	46.74	46.10	46.25	−2.62	−0.49	0.59
Child factors
Sex (boys), %	51.96	49.54	49.19	49.63	−2.77	0.09	0.50
Age, mo	14.25 ± 5.02	14.37 ± 5.24	13.71 ± 5.11	13.61 ± 5.14	−0.54*	−0.76*	0.49
Acute respiratory infection,4 %	9.67	8.91	9.78	10.00	0.11	1.09	0.61
Diarrhea,4 %	21.10	17.90	22.13	20.66	1.03	2.76	0.28

¹Values are percentages or means ± SDs unless otherwise indicated. *, **, ***Significant change from baseline to endline:*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. pp, percentage point; SES, socioeconomic status; T, time.

²Significant difference between the changes in intensive compared with nonintensive areas, adjusted for geographic clustering effect at woreda level.

³SES index was constructed by using principal components analysis with variables on ownership of assets; it is a standardized score with mean = 0 and SD = 1.

⁴Acute respiratory infection and diarrhea were measured through maternal recall of symptoms in the 2 wk before the survey.