Table 3.
Validity of the questionnaire and measurement model indices
| Construct and indicators | Scoring | CVR | CVI | Factor loading | Cronbach alpha | Composite reliability | AVE | t-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptibility | 3-15 | 0.93 | ≥0.79 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.56 | ||
| I’m worried about developing breast cancer | 0.747 | 8.43 | ||||||
| Because of environmental exposure to sun ray I am at risk of developing breast cancer | 0.829 | 27.11 | ||||||
| Because I eat foods that contain low levels of vitamin (D and E), I am at risk for breast cancer | 0.802 | 18.72 | ||||||
| Severity | 8-40 | 0.79 | ≥0.79 | 0.89 | 0.74 | 0.55 | ||
| Breast cancer can have negative emotional effects on the affected person and her family | 0.621 | 6.35 | ||||||
| The physical and mental harms of breast cancer are serious and disrupt the affected persons life | 0.703 | 9.76 | ||||||
| Breast cancer will lead to mastectomy (removal of the entire breast) | 0.607 | 7.77 | ||||||
| Breast cancer leads to hospitalization and a long course of treatment | 0.794 | 18.15 | ||||||
| Developing breast cancer will lead to hospitalization, with high costs | 0.738 | 13.95 | ||||||
| Developing breast cancer causes absence from work and loss of the individuals job | 0.725 | 11.49 | ||||||
| Breast cancer impacts the marital relationship of the affected individual | 0.757 | 14.24 | ||||||
| Developing breast cancer results in the loss of a feminine appearance and beauty | 0.714 | 12.21 | ||||||
| Self-efficacy | 6-30 | 0.78 | ≥0.79 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.68 | ||
| I can perform a self-test, even if it’s time consuming | 0.671 | 7.24 | ||||||
| I can learn the BSE technique and do it right | 0.831 | 15.64 | ||||||
| I can perform BSEs even if they cause me to worry | 0.874 | 21.16 | ||||||
| I can perform BSEs even if my breasts are large | 0.879 | 22.62 | ||||||
| I can perform BSEs even if detecting a mass is difficult for me | 0.838 | 17.65 | ||||||
| I can perform BSEs even if others disagree | 0.868 | 22.99 | ||||||
| Response efficacy | 7-35 | 0.80 | ≥0.79 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.61 | ||
| By conducting a monthly self-examination, I can prevent breast cancer | 0.685 | 8.04 | ||||||
| If I perform self-examinations regularly, I will live longer | 0.800 | 18.51 | ||||||
| If I performs self-examinations monthly, I will not be concerned about breast cancer | 0.751 | 14.29 | ||||||
| BSEs preventthe problems that breast cancer would cause me to experience | 0.792 | 13.62 | ||||||
| If through a self-examination, I find an unnatural mass in the early stages, breast cancer treatment will have good results | 0.791 | 14.20 | ||||||
| Doing self-examinationssavesthe coststhat would be incurred by cancer treatment | 0.843 | 22.16 | ||||||
| By conducting monthly BSEs, I can identify unnatural masses of the breast before the doctor’s diagnosis | 0.758 | 10.51 | ||||||
| Cost | 4-20 | 0.85 | ≥0.79 | 0.82 | 0.72 | 0.54 | ||
| Performing self-examinations is time-consuming | 0.729 | 8.52 | ||||||
| I do not perform self-examinations because I fear being diagnosed with cancer | 0.809 | 10.25 | ||||||
| Remembering the timing of self-examinations is difficult for me | 0.666 | 5.95 | ||||||
| If I examine my breasts, my family will mock me | 0.738 | 7.27 | ||||||
| Reward | 5-25 | 0.79 | ≥0.79 | 0.89 | 0.85 | 0.62 | ||
| Information about breast health does not matter to me | 0.802 | 2.77 | ||||||
| I do not feel that performing a self-examination is useful work | 0.739 | 2.54 | ||||||
| Early diagnosis of a breast mass is not important for treating breast cancer | 0.834 | 2.89 | ||||||
| By performing self-examinations, I don’t save much in terms of costs | 0.859 | 3.07 | ||||||
| If I perform self-examinations on a monthly basis, it will cause me to lose my peace of mind | 0.703 | 2.17 | ||||||
| Fear | 4-20 | 0.93 | ≥0.79 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.74 | ||
| When I think about breast removal, I’m scared | 0.935 | 3.79 | ||||||
| When I think about chemotherapy, I’m scared | 0.878 | 3.76 | ||||||
| When I think about chemotherapy, I’m worried | 0.842 | 3.41 | ||||||
| When I think about breast cancer, I’m afraid of losing the interest of my spouse and children | 0.842 | 3.37 | ||||||
| Protection motivation | 4-20 | 0.80 | ≥0.79 | 0.83 | 0.73 | 0.56 | ||
| I never think about monthly BSEs | 0.871 | 12.53 | ||||||
| I think about performing a BSE monthly | 0.697 | 2.67 | ||||||
| I will probably perform a self-examination every month | 0.838 | 12.46 | ||||||
| I will certainly perform a BSE every month | 0.855 | 16.02 | ||||||
| Emotional support | 5-25 | 0.80 | ≥0.79 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.75 | ||
| There is a person who encourages you to perform self-examinations | 0.859 | 20.63 | ||||||
| There is a person who reminds you of the timing of self-examinations | 0.876 | 27.25 | ||||||
| There is someone who will admire you for performing a self-examination | 0.899 | 35.56 | ||||||
| There is a person who you can talk about the fear of performing a self-examination | 0.849 | 22.92 | ||||||
| There is a person who, if necessary, will help you to perform a self-examination | 0.849 | 22.23 | ||||||
| Instrumental support | 3-15 | 0.72 | ≥0.79 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.88 | ||
| There is a person who gives you a book or pamphlet on how to perform self-examinations and breast cancer | 0.940 | 58.20 | ||||||
| There is a person who, if needed, will teach you the self-examination technique | 0.944 | 61.09 | ||||||
| There is a person who gives you a CD or educational film on how to perform self-examinations and breast cancer | 0.934 | 46.75 | ||||||
| Appraisal support | 3-15 | 0.93 | ≥0.79 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.91 | ||
| There is a person who can help you to evaluate your own health by doing a self-examination | 0.946 | 46.68 | ||||||
| There is a person who can give feedback on your success for follow-up and performing timely self-examinations | 0.977 | 131.17 | ||||||
| There is a person who can help you to evaluate your fear of performing a self-examination | 0.948 | 42.88 |
CVR, content validity ratio; CVI, content validity index; AVE, average variance extracted; BSE, breast self-examination.