Table 3.

Results of sensitivity analyses using primary and secondary outcome definitions

	Primary OPR Dose Reduction, AOR (95% CI)*	P Value	“Large Dose Reduction,” AOR (95% CI)*	P Value	“Sustained Dose Reduction,” AOR (95% CI)*	P Value
Total No. (%) with outcome	463 (42.21)	–	300 (31.18)	–	315 (28.71)	–
Independent variables
Clinical
Baseline OPR dose, MME, increments of 20	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	0.001	0.95 (0.93–0.97)	<0.001	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	0.01
Concurrent benzodiazepines	0.85 (0.61–1.17)	0.32	0.93 (0.65–1.31)	0.71	1.00 (0.71–1.43)	0.99
Sociodemographic
Race/ethnicity
White	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Black	1.82 (1.22–2.70)	0.003	1.73 (1.13–2.65)	0.01	1.58 (1.02–2.45)	0.04
Hispanic	1.21 (0.82–1.79)	0.35	1.08 (0.71–1.65)	0.73	1.26 (0.82–1.95)	0.30
Other/unknown	0.97 (0.63–1.49)	0.89	0.97 (0.61–1.56)	0.91	1.12 (0.70–1.81)	0.64
Gender
Male	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Female	1.43 (1.11–1.83)	0.006	1.15 (0.88–1.51)	0.30	1.31 (1.00–1.72)	0.05
Covariates
Age
<60 y	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
≥60 y	1.44 (1.06–1.95)	0.02	1.61 (1.17–2.21)	0.003	1.44 (1.04–1.98)	0.03
Pain diagnosis category†
Neck	1.59 (1.10–2.29)	0.01	1.37 (0.93–2.02)	0.11	1.67 (1.15–2.44)	0.008

CI = confidence interval; IQR = interquartile range; MME = morphine-milligram equivalents; OPR = opioid pain reliever.

^*Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, gender, baseline OPR dose (continuous), concurrent benzodiazepines, and neck pain diagnosis.

^†Based on provider ICD-9 coding, categorizations based on the approach of Larochelle et al. [41] Patients may have multiple pain diagnoses.