Figure 7.

Foxm1 regulates the expression of EndMT‐related transcription factors and can directly activate the Snail1 promoter. (a,b) Representative EndMT‐related transcription factor mRNA (a) and protein (b) levels in HUVECs. (c) Representative western blot and quantitative results of the protein levels of p‐Smad2/3 and total Smad2/3 in the HUVECs of the indicated groups. (d) Foxm1 directly binds to the Snail1 promoter region after TGF‐β1 treatment. Data were presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 versus corresponding Ctrl group. ^# p<0.05 versus corresponding TGF‐β1 group. EndMT: endothelial–mesenchymal transition; Foxm1: forkhead box M1; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; mRNA, messenger RNA; qRT‐PCR: quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction; TGF‐β1: transforming growth factor beta1