Table 1.
Literature review of 101 cases of Swallow Syncope from 1949 to 2018
| Author/ Reference | Age/ Gender | Presenting Symptom | Underlying Diseases | Trigger Factor | Type of arrhythmia | Management | Effectiveness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Padalia et al. 2018/ [6] | 65/ F | Presyncope, Dysphagia, Odynophagia/ | Candida Esophagitis, Metabolic Diseases | Solid and Liquid | Sinus bradycardia, Sinus arrest | Micafugin | Yes |
| Sammy et al. 2018/ [7] | 67/M | Syncope | End Stage Renal Failure | Ascension of Hyoid bone irritate carotid sinus | – | – | – |
| Yamaguchi et al. 2018/ [8] | 76/M | Syncope | No | Solid and Liquid (Citrus based) | Sinus arrest, AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Lipar et al. 2018/ [9] | 49/F | Syncope | Post whiplash neck injury | Solid and Liquid | – | PPM | Yes |
| Van Damme et al. 2017/ [10] | 39/M | Syncope | No | Solid and Liquid | 3rd degree AV block | PPM | – |
| Aydogdu et al. 2017/ [11] | 51/F | Presyncope, Syncope | No | Solid food | AV block | Rejected PPM | – |
| 65/F | Syncope | – | Liquid (Carbonated) | Sinus arrest, 3rd degree AV block | PPM | Yes | |
| 39/F | Presyncope, Syncope | No | Solid food | 3rd degree AV block | PPM | Yes | |
| 53/F | Presyncope, Syncope | No | Solid food | Asystole | Diet modification | – | |
| 68/M | Presyncope, Syncope | Atrial Fibrillation | Liquids | Asystole | PPM | Yes | |
| Patel et al. 2017/ [12] | 48/M | Syncope, Nausea, Tunnel vision | Hiatus Hernia | Solid and Liquid | Sinus arrest | Hiatus hernia repair surgery | Yes |
| Zaid et al. 2017/ [13] | 71/M | Syncope | Achalasia | Solid food | AV block | – | – |
| Bhogal et al. 2017/ [14] | 68/F | Presyncope | Hiatus Hernia, Metabolic Diseases | Solid food | Sinus Bradycardia, 1st degree AV block | Discontinuation of metoprolol + Proton Pump Inhibitor | No |
| 59/M | Pre-syncope & Syncope | No | Liquid diet | Premature atrial complexes & Asystole | PPM | Yes | |
| Trinco et al. 2016/ [15] | 83/ M | Syncope | Carotid endarterectomy, Metabolic diseases | Solid and Liquid | Sinus bradycardia, 3rd degree AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Islam et al. 2016/ [16] | 60/ F | Presyncope, Syncope | No | Solid food (Large chunk of bread) | AV block | Avoidance of trigger | Yes |
| Chhetri et al. 2016/ [17] | 71/M | Syncope | Fundoplication for GERD | Solid and Liquid (Fizzy drink) | Sinus arrest | PPM | NM |
| Tiffany et al. 2016/ [18] | 80/F | Syncope, palpation, facial flushing | Metabolic diseases, Hypothyrodism | Solid and Liquid | Atrial Tachycardia | Catheter ablation | Yes |
| Manu et al. 2016/ [19] | 13/F | Syncope | Superior sinus atrial septal defect | Solid and Liquid | 3rd degree AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Aaberg et al. 2015/ [20] | 62/M | Pre-syncope, Syncope | No | Solid and Liquid | 2nd and 3rd degree AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Kahn et al. 2015/ [4] | 89/M | Syncope | Transient Oesophageal dysmotility, Coronary artery diseases | Solid and Liquid (Carbonated) | 1st and 2nd degree AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Saitoh et al. 2015/ [21] | 70/M | Syncope | No | Solid food | Asystole | PPM | Yes |
| Erdogan et al. 2015/ [22] | 47/M | Syncope | Achalasia | Solid and Liquid | AV block, Asystole | Pneumatic dilation | Yes |
| Shashank et al. 2014/ [23] | 31/F | Presyncope & Syncope | No | Liquid (Carbonated) | Sinus bradycardia, Asystole | PPM | Yes |
| 78/ M | Presyncope | Sick sinus syndrome, Metabolic diseases | Solid food | – | PPM + Coffee before meals | Yes | |
| 80/M | Presyncope, Syncope | Hiatus Hernia AF, various cardiac comorbid | Solid food (Sticky food) | – | Avoidance of trigger | Yes | |
| Shah et al. 2014/ [24] | 57/M | Presyncope, Syncope | No | Swallow +Cold drink | Advanced heart block for 3–4 s | PPM | Yes |
| Witcik et al. 2014/ [25] | 70/M | Syncope, Weakness, Flushing | Mild AV regurgitation | Liquid (Carbonated) | Atrial Fibrillation with ventricular pause | PPM | Yes |
| Arihide et al. 2014/ [26] | 79/M | Syncope | Coronary artery disease, Metabolic diseases | Solid and Liquid | Sinus arrest | PPM | Yes |
| Moore et al. 2013/ [27] | 65/F | Presyncope, Syncope | No | Solid food | AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Lambiris et al. 2013/ [28] | 54/M | Presyncope, Shortness of breath | No | Solid and Liquid | 1st degree AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Rezvani et al. 2013/ [29] | 51/F | Syncope | Post Laparoscopic gastrectomy | Solid and Liquid | AV block | Atropine | Yes |
| Kim eat al. 2012/ [30] | 39/M | Syncope, Chest tightness | No | Liquid (Cold) | 3rd degree AV block | Avoidance of trigger | Yes |
| Knopke et al. 2012/ [31] | 49/F | Syncope, Dysphagia, Regurgitation | Hiatus hernia, Diffuse oesophageal spasm | Solid food | 3rd degree AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Foreman et al. 2011/ [32] | 52/F | Presyncope, Chest pain | No | Solid food | 2nd degree AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Vanerio et at. 2011/ [33] | 84/F | Syncope | Hiatus Hernia | Solid and Liquid (Carbonated) | – | Nissen’s Fundoplication | Yes |
| Mitra et al. 2011/ [34] | 60/F | Presyncope, Syncope | Metabolic Diseases | Solid food | Sinus Bradycardia, 3rd degree AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Marina et al. 2010/ [35] | 37/M | Syncope | Megaoesophagus, Extra Cardiac mass compressing left atrium | Solid and Liquid | – | Deflation of gastric band | – |
| GY Lee et al. 2010/ [36] | 62/M | Syncope, Dysphagia | Atrial Fibrillation, Metabolic diseases | Liquid | Asystole | PPM | Yes |
| Endean et al. 2010/ [37] | 61/ M | Syncope, Chest pain, Vision lost | Post Carotid entaterectomy | Solid food | – | Glycopyrrolate | Yes |
| Casella et al. 2009/ [38] | 66/ M | Syncope | Oesophageal dysmotility, Sick sinus syndrome | Liquid only | AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Karamitsos et al. 2009/ [39] | 82/F | Syncope | Hiatus hernia | Large meal | NM | – | – |
| Favaretto et al. 2008/ [40] | 63/M | Syncope, Odynophagia | Hiatus hernia | Solid and Liquid | Asystole | PPM | Yes |
| Bajwa et al. 2008/ [41] | 51/M | Presyncope, Syncope | Metabolic diseases, Inflammatory bowel diseases | Solid food | Atrial & Ventricular atopic beat | PPM | Yes |
| Christopher et al. 2008/ [42] | 25/F | Syncope | No | Solid and Liquid | 3rd degree AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Fahrner et al. 2008/ [43] | 75/M | Syncope | No | Solid and Liquid | AV block | – | – |
| Patsilinakos et al. 2007/ [44] | 86/F | Syncope | Oesophageal stenosis, Ascending aorta aneurysm, Hypothyroidism | Solid and Liquid | Sinus arrest | Avoidance of trigger | Yes |
| Tuzcu et al. 2007/ [45] | 16/F | Syncope, Visual disturbance | No | Solid food | 3rd degree AV block, Asystole | PPM | Yes |
| Omni et al. 2006/ [2] | 66/F | Syncope | Metabolic Diseases | Liquid | AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Gawrieh et al. 2005/ [46] | 63/M | Presyncope, Syncope, Dysphagia | Hiatus Hernia | Solid food | AV block, Asystole | PPM | Yes |
| 63/M | Presyncope, Syncope | Hiatus hernia, Coronary artery diseases, Metabolic diseases | Solid and Liquid | – | Refuse treatment | – | |
| 62/F | Presyncope, Syncope, Dysphagia | Nutcracker oesophagus, Coronary artery diseases | Solid and Liquid | Sinus bradycardia, Sinus arrest | PPM | Yes | |
| Turan et al. 2005/ [47], Kang et al. 2005/ [48] | 48/M | Syncope, Dysphagia | Achalasia | Solid food | Sinus bradycardia | PPM | Yes |
| 59/ M | Syncope | Metabolic diseases | Solid and Liquid | Sinus bradycardia | PPM | – | |
| 59/M | Syncope, Dysphagia | Compression fracture thoracic spine, Graves diseases | Solid food | Sinus bradycardia | Diet habit modification | – | |
| Sreekant et al. 2004/ [49] | 85/M | Syncope | Coronary artery diseases, Peripheral vascular diseases | Solid and liquid | Asystole | PPM | Yes |
| 61/ F | Presyncope | Metabolic diseases | Liquid (Carbonated) | Sinus Bradycardia | – | – | |
| Yoshifumi et al. 2004/ [50] | 76/F | Syncope | Hiatus hernia | Solid food | – | – | – |
| Srivathsan et al. 2003/ [51] | 26/M | Presyncope | No | Solid food | Systole | PPM | Yes |
| Mekawa et al. 2002/ [52] | 76/ F | Syncope | Hiatus hernia | Solid and liquid | – | Hernia repair surgery | Yes |
| Gordon et al. 2002/ [53] | 26/F | Syncope, Central chest discomfort | Hiatus hernia | Solid and liquid | Paroxysmal Atrial fibrillation, Ventricle atopic beat | Diet habit modification | Yes |
| Takeshi et al. 2002 [54] | 69/F | Presyncope, Syncope | Metabolic diseases | Solid food | Sinus arrest | – | – |
| Rasmi et al. 2001/ [55] | 16/M | Syncope | No | Liquid (Carbonated) | Asystole | PPM | Yes |
| Haumer et al. 2000/ [56] | 67/ M | Syncope | Coronary artery disease | Liquid | Sinus arrest | Temporary Pacemaker | Yes |
| Kakuchi et al. 2000/ [57] | 21/M | Syncope | Vasovagal syncope | Solid and liquid | AV block | PPM | – |
| Kazushi et al. 1999/ [58] | 69/M | Syncope, Facial flushing, Profuse diarrhoea | Metabolic disease, Stroke | Solid food | – | Cessation of Enalapril | Yes |
| Olshasky et al. 1999/ [59] | 72/M | Presyncope, Syncope | – | Liquid (Cold carbonated) | Sinus bradycardia | PPM | – |
| Dante et al. 1997/ [60] | 78/M | Syncope | Oesophageal carcinoma | Solid food | AV block, Asystole | PPM | Yes |
| Bellori et al. 1992/ [61] | 69/M | Syncope | – | Liquid | Sinus arrest | – | – |
| SY AO et al. 1991/ [5] | 70/M | Incidental | Lung carcinoma | Solid and Liquid | High grade AV block | Atropine before meal | Yes |
| Shapira et al. 1991/ [62] | 63/M | Presyncope, Syncope | Hiatus hernia, Coronary artery disease | Solid and Liquid | 2nd degree AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Kunimoto et al. 1990/ [63] | 65/M | Presyncope, Syncope | No | Liquid (Cold) | 2nd degree AV block, Asystole | PPM | Yes |
| Elam et al. 1989/ [64] | 44/M | Syncope | No | Solid and Liquid | 3rd degree AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Engelharbt et al. 1986/ [3] | 5/F | Syncope | No | Solid and Liquid/ Brush teeth | 3rd degree AV block | Close Observation | Yes |
| Ausubel et al. 1987/ [65] | 26/M | Syncope | Heart murmur | Solid food | Sinus bradycardia, AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Nakano et al. 1987/ [66] | 67/M | Syncope, Retrosternal discomfort | Aneurysm descending thoracic aorta | Solid and Liquid | Sinus bradycardia, Sinus arrest | Atropine before meal | Yes |
| Nakagawa et al. 1987/ [67], Guberman et al.1986/ [68] | 48/M | Syncope | No | Solid and Liquid | AV block | Atropine | – |
| 62/F | Syncope | No | Oesophageal balloon inflation | 2nd degree heart block | Propanthelene bromide | No | |
| 62/M | Syncope | Congestive heart failure | Solid food | 2nd degree heart block | Discontinuation of digoxin | Yes | |
| Alan et al. 1986/ [69] | 56/M | Syncope | Inferior myocardial infarction | Liquid | 1st degree heart block | PPM | Yes |
| Golf et al. 1986/ [70] | 15/ F | Syncope | No | Solid and Liquid | SA node blockade with junctional escape rhythm | – | – |
| Armstrong et al. 1985/ [71] | 53/F | Syncope, Dyspnoea, Retrosternal discomfort | Hiatus hernia | Liquid | Sinus bradycardia | PPM | Yes |
| 58/F | Syncope, Pulseless, Apnoea | Myocardial infarction, Atrial Fibrillation, Stroke | Solid and Liquid | Sinus bradycardia and Asystole | PPM | No | |
| 58/F | Presyncope | No | Solid and Liquid | 3rd degree AV block and Asystole | PPM | Yes | |
| 81/F | Syncope | Hiatus hernia, Metabolic disease | Liquid (Hot) | Sinus bradycardia | PPM | Yes | |
| 53/M | Syncope | Myocardial infarction | Liquid (Cold) | 2nd degree AV block | PPM | Yes | |
| Kunis et al. 1985/ [72] | 60/M | Presyncope, Syncope, Chest pain | Metabolic diseases | Solid food (Hot) | 3rd degree AV block, Asystole | PPM | Yes |
| Drake et al. 1985/ [73] | 76/F | Syncope | Myocardial infarction, Metabolic disease | Sight of food | 3rd degree AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Mauro et al. 1985/ [74] | 65/ F | Presyncope, syncope | Myocardial ischemia | Solid and Liquid | 2nd degree AV block | Atropine | No |
| Golf et al. 1977 [75] | −/ M | Syncope, Convulsion | No | Solid and Liquid | 2nd degree AV block | PPM | Yes |
| Weaddington et al. 1975/ [76] | 71/M | Syncope | Hiatus hernia, Oesophagus carcinoma, Atrial Fibrillation | Solid food | Sinus bradycardia and Asystole | Surgical removal of Oesophageal Carcinoma | Yes |
| B Wik et al. 1975/ [77] | 43/ M | Syncope, Retrosternal chest pain | Rheumatic heart diseases | Liquid (Carbonated) | AV block | PPM | – |
| Poul et al. 1973/ [78] | 64/ F | Syncope | Hiatus hernia, Abnormal oesophageal motility | Solid and Liquid | Sinus bradycardia, AV block | Hernia Repair | Yes |
| Edgar et al. 1972/ [79] | 84/M | Syncope | Hiatus hernia, Metabolic diseases | Solid and Liquid | 2nd degree AV block | Atropine | Yes |
| Keith et al. 1971/ [80] | 45/M | Syncope, Dysphagia, Heart burn | Hiatus hernia, Oesophageal stricture | Solid and Liquid | Sinus bradycardia | Dilation of oesophageal stricture | Yes |
| Rajendra et al. 1971/ [81] | 29/ F | Syncope | No | Solid and Liquid | Asystole | Surgical cauterization vagal nerve | Yes |
| Edgardo et al. 1970/ [82] | 73/M | Syncope, Chest pain | Myocardial infarction, Metabolic disease | Solid and Liquid | AV block, Asystole | Atropine | Yes |
| R P Sapru et al.1968/ [83] | 29/F | Presyncope | No | Solid and Liquid | AV block, Asystole | Atropine | Yes |
| George et al. 1958/ [84] | −/− | Syncope | No | Liquid | – | Discontinuation of digitalis | Yes |
| Correll et al. 1949/ [85] | 67/M | Syncope, Chocking sensation | Oesophageal diverticulum, Digitalis medication | Solid and Liquid | 3rd degree AV block | Atropine | Yes |
F Female, M Male, (−) Not Stated, AV Atrioventricular, PPM Permanent Pacemaker