Table 2.

Characteristics of included studies, control measures included and results pre/post-intervention

Author and year	Country and duration of the intervention	Schistosoma species	Control measures	Population targeted	Results pre/post-intervention	Classification group	Intervention effect
Landouré et al. (2003) [25]	Mali, 1 year (1986–1987), evaluation of integration 10 years later	S. haematobium; S. mansoni	Diagnosis and treatmenta; health educationb and community mobilisation	General population	Knowledge of symptoms and treatment: S. haematobium: -/80%; S. mansoni: -/69% Praziquantel available, but some shortages in some health centres Cost for praziquantel relatively high	One	+
Sow et al. (2003) [26]	Ndombo village, Northern Senegal, 7 years (1994–2000)	S. mansoni	Diagnosis and treatmenta; health informationb; health educationb on health-seeking	General population	Knowledge: symptoms: 0%/54.2%; mode of transmission: 0%/43.5%; both combined: 0%/29.5% Health care seeking behaviour at health centre: 0%/ 92%	One	±
van der Werf et al. (2002) [27]	Saint Louis Region, Northern Senegal, 4 years (1995–1999)	S. mansoni	Diagnosis and treatmenta; health educationb at the community level	General population	Knowledge of symptoms and treatment: S. haematobium: -/100%; S. mansoni: -/94% Praziquantel available Cost of praziquantel relatively cheap	One	+
Ageel & Amin (1997) [28]	Gizan Region, Saudi Arabia, 5 years (1990–1996)	S. haematobium	Diagnosis and treatmenta; snail controlc; health educationb of the population	General population	Community participation Improved coverage in diagnosis and treatment: 60% (1990)/90% (1996) Overall prevalence: 1.2% (1990)/0.3% (1996)	Two	+
al Moagel et al. (1990) [29]	Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia, 5 years (1984–1988)	S. haematobium; S. mansoni	Diagnosis and treatmenta; molluscicidingc; health educationb	General population	Improved coverage in diagnosis and treatment: 10688 cases (1984)/106579 cases (1988); overall prevalence: 9.3% (1984)/0.6% (1988)	Two	+
Brinkman et al. (1988) [30]	Office du Niger irrigation zones and the district of Bandiagara, Mali, 1 year (1986–1987)	S. haematobium; S. mansoni	Diagnosis and treatmenta; health educationb of population; molluscicidingc	General population	Prevalence < 20% in villages targeted by the intervention: S. haematobium: 8.1% (1986)/46% (1987); S. mansoni: 36.7% (1986)/53% (1987) Prevalence of intensive infections < 5% in villages targeted by the intervention: S. haematobium: 23% (1986)/72% (1987); S. mansoni: 36% (1986)/50% (1987)	Two	+
Jarallah et al. (1993) [31]	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 3 years (1984–1986)	S. haematobium; S. mansoni	Diagnosis and treatmenta; snail controlc; health educationb of the population	General population	Overall prevalence: 13.2% (1983)/0.2% (1989) Prevalence of S. mansoni: 12.3% (1983)/0.1% (1989) Prevalence of S. haematobium: 0.9% (1983)/0.05% (1989) Prevalence in Saudians: 91.1% (1983)/32.6% (1989) Prevalence in non-Saudians: 8.9% (1983) /67.4% (1989) Dropout rate of patients under treatment: 54.4% (1987)/22.1% (1989)	Two	+
Coura et al. (1992) [32]	Peri-Peri, Brazil, 3 years (1984–1987)	S. haematobium; S. mansoni	Diagnosis and treatmenta; basic health educationb; basic sanitation; malacologicalc control	General population	Improved coverage in diagnosis and treatment: 81.7% (1984)/91.8% (1987) Prevalence: 15.2% (1984)/4.4% (1987) (P = 0.01) Incidence: 10.9% (1984)/2.9% (1987) (P = 0.002) Cure rate: children: 72% (1984)/88% (1987); adults: 83.3% (1984)/94% (1987)	Three	+
Ali et al. (1989) [33]	Ngamyland, Botswana, 3 years (1985–1987)	S. mansoni	Diagnosis and treatmenta; snail controlc; health educationb and community awareness; water supplyd; improved sanitationd	General population	Community participation Overall prevalence: ≤ 10% (survey in school children)/3.3% (survey in school children) Successful reduction in prevalence of S. mansoni infection in general population Infection intensity (> 100 eggs per gram): 5.4% (for the first survey)/0.5% (for the third survey)	Three	+
Engels et al. (1993) [34]	Bugesera, Bujumbura, Imbo-Sud, and Rusizi plain, Burundi, 3 years (1989–1992)	S. haematobium; S. mansoni	Diagnosis and treatmenta; health educationb of school children and patients; snail controlc; safe water supplyd; construction of latrinesd	General population	Improved coverage in diagnosis and treatment Rusizi plain: 970 cases (1988)/3584 cases (1991) Bugesera: 63 cases (1988)/180 cases (1991) Sustainability and affordability for the national health budget of the integration	Three	+
Engels et al. (1995) [35]	Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cibitoke, Kirundo, Makamba, Burundi, 3 years (1989–1994)	S. mansoni	Diagnosis and treatmenta; health educationb of school children and patients; snail controlc; safe water supplyd; construction of latrinesd	General population	Apparent recovery of an integrated control programme in the primary health care, after civil unrest Sustainability of a schistosomiasis control programme which is integrated in the primary health care	Three	+

Key: +, positive; ±, low impact

^aDiagnosis and treatment: integrated into routine care after training of the staff in charge of consultations and referrals. Within this control measure, the targeted population was the general population accessing health care facilities

^bHealth education: performed by staff in charge of consultations, referrals and in charge of hygiene and sanitation. The target population was patients, school children and the general population

^cSnail control: integrated into routine activities after training of the staff in charge of hygiene and sanitation at the health centre. The target was water bodies in schistosomiasis endemic areas

^dClean water supply and sanitation: the integration in the routine activities implies that the staff in charge of hygiene an sanitation is always involved in the identification of hygiene and sanitation issues, in households within the health centre’s area of responsibility, and in the management of those which can be solved at their level. Otherwise, they must report identified and unsolvable problems to the administration, which had to find solutions. All control measures implied provision of necessary resources (drugs, laboratory tests, equipment and supply) and training of health care staff for the implementation of the needed activities