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. 2019 Aug 7;17:256. doi: 10.1186/s12967-019-2006-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — A representative picture of microinjection sites in the PVN evaluated by Evans blue (50 nL) diffusion (a); the effect of HFD on the values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) and TNFα (b–d for each group, n = 7); and the relative values of TNFα protein expression and mRNA levels in the PVN (e, f for each group, n = 4–5). The values are mean ± SD.*p < 0.05 versus Control. Arrows indicate the microinjection sites. PVN paraventricular nucleus, 3V the third ventricle, OH obesity-related hypertension. SBP was measured under conscious state