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Representative recordings of the capsicin (CAP)-induced AAR are shown by the RSNA and MAP responses to the application of TNFα (1 ng) in the PVN in rats (a, b); the effect of PVN microinjection of saline and TNFα (0.5 ng or 1 ng) into the PVN on the AAR (c, d). The values are mean ± SD. For each group, n = 6; *p < 0.05 versus Saline; #p < 0.05 versus Control; &p < 0.05 versus TNFα (0.5 ng). AAR adipose afferent reflex
