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. 2018 Dec 6;28(6):662–670. doi: 10.1177/0963689718816990

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© The Author(s) 2018

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 1. — The biological characteristics of the exosome. (a) According to their approximate diameter, EVs can be divided into three types: exosomes for 35–150 nm, microvesicles for 50–1000 nm, and apoptotic body, which are greater than 1000 nm. Exosomes can be separated exosomal subpopulations as exomere, Exo-L, and Exo-S. (b) Exosomes are small vesicles which contain cargos (DNA, RNA, and protein) surrounded by phospholipid bilayers. Some proteins that are abundant in nanoparticles can be exosome markers, such as tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, and CD81), MVB-related ESCRT proteins (Alix, TSG101) and heat shock proteins (HSP60, HSP70, HSPA5, CCT2, and HSP90)^8,29.