Fig. 3.

Keystone species. Bird species whose median estimates for their impact on R₀ when they are removed from each community they occupy are greater than a 1.01 (dilution effect, the two species above the plot break in this figure), or less than a 0.99 (amplification effect, the four species below the plot break in this figure) fold change in R₀. Intervals show median effects in 95% of the communities that each bird occupies