Table 3:

Outcome models used in clinical studies

Endpoints with implications for evaluating trials in clinical nutrition	Examples
Biomedical endpoint (BM)	e.g. improvement of body weight, body composition, morbidity, mortality
Patient-centered/-reported endpoint (PC)	e.g. validated quality-of-life score
Health economic endpoint (HE)	e.g. QALYs or budget savings
Decision-making endpoint (DM)	e.g. clinical parameters or biomarkers that allow to make a clinically relevant decision such as transfer from ICU to a normal ward or nutritional support yes/no
Integration of classical and patient-reported endpoint (IE)	The combination of BM and PC, e.g. complex scores such as the Frailty Index

Adapted from Koller et al. (9)