Table 5. Early- and Later-Onset Psychiatric Comorbidity With ADHD and Risk of Premature Death in Adults.
| Cause of Death | ADHD Group | Non-ADHD | Adjustment, HR (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariate | Comorbidity | |||||||
| No. of Deaths | Mortality Rate per 10 000 Person-Yearsa | No. of Deaths | Mortality Rate per 10 000 Person-Yearsa | Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | Model 4e | |
| All | 369 | 21.87 | 3452 | 3.69 | 5.65 (4.99-6.39) | 5.00 (4.41-5.67) | 3.87 (3.37-4.44) | 1.48 (1.29-1.70) |
| Unnatural | 311 | 18.44 | 2388 | 2.55 | 6.79 (5.92-7.78) | 5.93 (5.17-6.81) | 5.33 (4.59-6.20) | 1.57 (1.35-1.83) |
| Unintentional injury | 133 | 7.88 | 1105 | 1.18 | 6.80 (5.72-8.30) | 5.89 (4.82-7.20) | 5.85 (4.71-7.27) | 2.14 (1.71-2.68) |
| Suicide | 120 | 7.11 | 941 | 1.01 | 5.81 (4.61-7.32) | 5.28 (4.18-6.66) | 4.08 (3.15-5.29) | 1.13 (0.88-1.45) |
| Other external | 58 | 3.44 | 328 | 0.35 | 10.26 (7.44-14.13) | 8.28 (5.99-11.45) | 7.82 (5.51-11.10) | 1.75 (1.23-2.48) |
| Natural | 58 | 3.44 | 1052 | 1.13 | 2.93 (2.14-4.01) | 2.68 (1.95-3.67) | 1.32 (0.94-1.85) | 1.01 (0.72-1.42) |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; HR, hazard ratio.
a
ADHD and comorbid disorders were time-varying exposures while calculating mortality rates (per 10 000 person-years).
b
Adjusted for year of birth and sex.
c
Adjusted for model 1 covariates, birth weight, maternal age at birth, parental educational level, and parental employment status.
d
Adjusted for model 2 covariates and early-onset disorders including conduct disorders, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability.
e
Adjusted for model 3 covariates and later-onset disorders including substance use disorder, depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, personality disorder, and eating disorders.