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. 2019 Aug 2;9(8):e030476. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030476

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) checklist. Enrolment, Interventions and Assessments. APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; BMI, body mass index; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula; ICU, intensive care unit; NIV, non-invasive ventilation.