Table 1.
Distribution of metal concentration above the limit of detection in cord blood at birth in diabetic patients and controls. Limit of detection for each metal; Aluminium 7.0 μg/l, Cadmium 0.07 μg/l, Lithium 1.0 μg/l, Mercury 0.3 μg/l, Lead 0.7 μg/l, Arsenic 1.0 μg/l.
| Controls (%) |
Type 1 Diabetes (%) |
Total (%) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminium (Al) | 2 (5.4%) |
7 (35.0%) |
9 (15.8 %) |
0.006a |
| Cadmium (Cd) | 5 (12.5%) |
1 (5.0%) |
6 (10.0%) |
0.653a |
| Lithium (Li) | 3 (7.7%) |
0 (0.0%) |
3 (5.1%) |
0.544a |
| Mercury (Hg) | 5 (12.5%) |
5 (25%) |
10 (16.7%) |
0.278a |
| Lead (Pb) | 5 (12.5%) |
1 (5.0%) |
6 (10.0%) |
0.653a |
| Arsenic (As) | 1 (10.0%) |
6 (30%) |
7 (23.3%) |
0.372 a |
| Any metal* | 16 (43.2% |
10 (50.0%) |
26 (45.6%) |
0.625b |
| Any ≥ 2 metals* | 3 (8.1%) |
3 (15.0%) |
6 (10.5%) |
0.654a |
| Any 3 metals* | 1 (2.7%) |
1 (5.0%) |
2 (3.5%) |
1.00a |
| Any metal** | 17 (45.9% |
13 (65.0%) |
30 (52.6%) |
0.169 b |
| Any ≥ 2 metals** | 3 (8.1%) |
4 (20.0%) |
7 (12.3%) |
0.226 a |
| Any 3 metals** | 1 (2.7%) |
3 (15.0%) |
4 (7.0%) |
0.119 a |
| Aland Hg | 0 (0%) |
2 (10%) |
2 (3.5 %) |
0.119a |
| As and Hg | 0 (0.0%) |
3 (15.0%) |
3 (5.0%) |
0.033 a |
| Cd and Pb | 2 (5%) |
1 (5%) |
3 (5%) |
1.00 |
a
Fischer’s Exact test
b
Chi-square test
*
Arsenic not included
**
Including known values for Arsenic. Missing values for Arsenic are assumed to be below detection