TABLE 2—
Past-12-Month Medical Use and Misuse of Subtypes of Prescription Opioid Drugs Among 3 Groups of Misusers and Medical Users (Aged ≥ 18 Years): United States, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2016–2017
| Without-Prescription-Only Misusers (n = 1885), % (95% CI) |
Without-and-With-Prescription Misusers (n = 1470), % (95% CI) |
With-Prescription-Only Misusers (n = 1048), % (95% CI) |
Medical Users (n = 24 661), % (95% CI) |
Shah’s Wald F-Test (df)a | |
| No. of PO drug subtypes usedb | |||||
| 1 | 36.1 (32.7, 39.7) | 24.4 (20.8, 28.5) | 32.7 (28.9, 36.8) | 54.1 (53.0, 55.1) | (9, 50) = 43.6*** |
| 2 | 30.1 (27.1, 33.2) | 26.2 (22.7, 30.1) | 31.4 (27.4, 35.7) | 24.3 (23.5, 25.0) | |
| ≥3 | 26.6 (24.0, 29.5) | 43.3 (39.3, 47.4) | 30.0 (25.8, 34.5) | 12.4 (11.8, 13.1) | |
| PO drug subtypesc | |||||
| Hydrocodone | |||||
| Medical only | 11.1 (9.4, 13.1) | 12.4 (10.0, 15.4) | 16.7 (13.8, 20.0) | 58.2 (57.2, 59.2) | (6, 50) = 267.4*** |
| Misuse | 60.2 (57.3, 63.1) | 64.3 (60.6, 67.8) | 61.2 (57.3, 65.1) | . . . | |
| Oxycodone | |||||
| Medical only | 10.4 (8.4, 12.8) | 14.7 (12.0, 17.9) | 19.4 (16.7, 22.4) | 27.4 (26.7, 28.2) | (6, 50) = 195.1*** |
| Misuse | 37.0 (33.6, 40.7) | 42.0 (38.0, 46.2) | 26.2 (22.5, 30.2) | . . . | |
| Tramadol | |||||
| Medical only | 11.1 (9.4, 13.1) | 15.5 (13.2, 18.1) | 12.0 (9.3, 15.2) | 20.3 (19.6, 21.0) | (6, 50) = 66.9*** |
| Misuse | 16.3 (14.0, 18.9) | 16.5 (14.3, 19.0) | 13.7 (10.7, 17.3) | . . . | |
| Buprenorphine | |||||
| Medical only | 2.5 (1.8, 3.5) | 7.8 (5.7, 10.6) | 3.2 (1.8, 5.6) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) | (6, 50) = 41.8*** |
| Misuse | 6.2 (5.0, 7.7) | 12.2 (9.6, 15.5) | 2.5 (1.6, 4.0) | . . . | |
| Morphine | |||||
| Medical only | 3.6 (2.3, 5.5) | 7.9 (6.0, 10.2) | 7.7 (5.7, 10.2) | 6.3 (5.9, 6.8) | (6, 50) = 37.0*** |
| Misuse | 3.8 (3.0, 4.8) | 7.7 (6.0, 9.9) | 2.9 (1.8, 4.7) | . . . | |
| Oxymorphone | |||||
| Medical only | 1.0 (0.5, 1.7) | 3.3 (2.1, 5.2) | 1.8 (1.1, 2.9) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | (6, 50) = 24.2*** |
| Misuse | 2.2 (1.6, 3.3) | 5.7 (4.1, 7.8) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.1) | . . . | |
| Fentanyl | |||||
| Medical only | 0.9 (0.4, 1.8) | 4.3 (2.9, 6.2) | 3.7 (2.3, 6.0) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.1) | (6, 50) = 12.5*** |
| Misuse | 2.2 (1.4, 3.3) | 3.9 (2.7, 5.7) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.1) | . . . | |
| Demerol | |||||
| Medical only | 1.4 (0.7, 2.6) | 3.3 (2.2, 5.1) | 2.7 (1.8, 4.0) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | (6, 50) = 7.9*** |
| Misuse | 0.7 (0.3, 1.8) | 1.7 (0.8, 3.6) | 1.1 (0.3, 3.3) | . . . | |
| Hydromorphone | |||||
| Medical only | 1.5 (0.9, 2.4) | 2.3 (1.4, 3.9) | 2.9 (1.9, 4.4) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.2) | (6, 50) = 14.7*** |
| Misuse | 1.7 (1.0, 2.8) | 4.6 (3.3, 6.4) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.8) | . . . | |
| Methadone | |||||
| Medical only | 1.9 (1.2, 3.0) | 4.7 (3.6, 6.2) | 2.4 (1.3, 4.6) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | (6, 50) = 16.1*** |
| Misuse | 1.8 (1.2, 2.8) | 4.7 (3.2, 6.8) | 2.0 (1.0, 3.9) | . . . | |
| Other | |||||
| Medical only | 13.2 (11.0, 15.7) | 18.0 (15.1, 21.3) | 16.2 (12.9, 20.3) | 25.1 (24.3, 26.0) | (6, 50) = 62.5*** |
| Misuse | 5.7 (4.1, 7.7) | 7.4 (5.9, 9.3) | 7.6 (5.6, 10.3) | . . . | |
Note. CI = confidence interval; PO = prescription opioid. The sample size was n = 29 064. Estimates are weighted; sample sizes are unweighted.
Shah’s Wald F-tests for percentage differences in subtypes of prescription opioid drugs used across misuser groups and medical users.
Missing category not shown.
Hydrocodone products include Vicodin, Lortab, Norco, Zohydro ER, and hydrocodone (generic). Oxycodone products include OxyContin, Percocet, Percodan, Roxicet, Roxicodone, and oxycodone (generic). Tramadol products include Ultram, Ultram ER, Ultracet, tramadol (generic), and extended-release tramadol (generic). Buprenorphine products include Suboxone and buprenorphine (generic). Morphine products include Avinza, Kadian, MS Contin, morphine (generic), and extended-release morphine (generic). Oxymorphone products include Opana, Opana ER, oxymorphone (generic), and extended-release oxymorphone (generic). Fentanyl products include Actiq, Duragesic, Fentora, and fentanyl (generic). Hydromorphone products include Dilaudid or hydromorphone (generic), and Exalgo or extended-release hydromorphone (generic).12
P < .001.