TABLE 3—
Comparison of Substance Use, Prescription Opioid Use Disorder, and Reasons for Last Prescription Opioid Misuse Among Past-12-Month Prescription Opioid Misuser Groups (Aged ≥ 18 Years): United States, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2016–2017
| Substance Usea | With-Prescription-Only vs Without-Prescription-Only Misusers, AOR (95% CI) | Without-and-With-Prescription vs Without-Prescription-Only Misusers, AOR (95% CI) | Without-and-With-Prescription vs With-Prescription-Only Misusers, AOR (95% CI) |
| Nicotine (vs no use) | |||
| Use only | 0.8 (0.59, 1.01) | 0.9 (0.69, 1.18) | 1.2 (0.90, 1.54) |
| Dependence | 0.9 (0.61, 1.21) | 1.1 (0.83, 1.47) | 1.3 (0.94, 1.76) |
| Alcohol (vs no use) | |||
| Use only | 0.9 (0.60, 1.25) | 0.8 (0.60, 1.12) | 0.9 (0.68, 1.31) |
| Disorder | 1.0 (0.65, 1.56) | 1.0 (0.69, 1.30) | 0.9 (0.66, 1.35) |
| Marijuana (vs no use) | |||
| Use only | 0.7 (0.49, 0.91) | 0.9 (0.65, 1.21) | 1.3 (1.00, 1.78) |
| Disorder | 0.7 (0.42, 1.14) | 1.0 (0.72, 1.50) | 1.5 (0.87, 2.62) |
| Cocaine use (vs no use) | 0.8 (0.50, 1.28) | 1.1 (0.80, 1.47) | 1.4 (0.89, 2.06) |
| Heroin use (vs no use) | 0.4 (0.16, 1.05) | 1.5 (0.94, 2.27) | 3.5 (1.33, 9.22) |
| Benzodiazepines (vs no use) | |||
| Medical use | 1.3 (0.86, 2.03) | 1.2 (0.81, 1.66) | 0.9 (0.59, 1.30) |
| Misuse | 0.6 (0.45, 0.80) | 1.2 (0.93, 1.65) | 2.1 (1.49, 2.82) |
| Simulants (vs no use) | |||
| Medical use | 1.4 (0.95, 2.14) | 1.2 (0.87, 1.56) | 0.8 (0.56, 1.20) |
| Misuse | 0.8 (0.52, 1.11) | 1.1 (0.81, 1.40) | 1.4 (0.95, 2.08) |
| Alcohol or drug treatment (vs none) | 1.2 (0.71, 2.04) | 0.9 (0.64, 1.30) | 0.8 (0.47, 1.23) |
| Perceived drug use as risky | 1.1 (0.87, 1.47) | 1.0 (0.76, 1.20) | 0.8 (0.67, 1.05) |
| Prescription opioid (PO) disorder (vs no disorder) | 2.4 (1.77, 3.33) | 2.0 (1.53, 2.69) | 0.8 (0.58, 1.21) |
| Reasons for last PO misuse | |||
| Relieve pain | 1.3 (1.00, 1.74) | 1.0 (0.76, 1.27) | 0.7 (0.54, 1.03) |
| Feel good or get high | 0.9 (0.58, 1.29) | 1.5 (1.27, 1.86) | 1.8 (1.22, 2.59) |
Note. AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. The sample size was n = 4403. Estimates are weighted; sample sizes are unweighted.
a
Age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, family income, marital status, metropolitan area, delinquency, major depressive episode, inpatient mental health treatment, took medication for mental health condition, health conditions lifetime, perceived health, emergency room visits past 12 months, health insurance, and survey year were controlled.