TABLE 3—
Ever Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Use by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Combustible Tobacco Smoking Status: United States, 2016–2017
| Sociodemographic Characteristic | Overall Ever ENDS Use (n = 11 688), % (95% CI) or P | Never Combustible Tobacco User (n = 3935), % (95% CI) or P | Former Combustible Tobacco User (n = 4266), % (95% CI) or P | Current User of Noncigarette Combustible Tobacco (n = 997), % (95% CI) or P | Current Cigarette Smokera (n = 2490), % (95% CI) or P |
| Overall ever ENDS use | 18.2 (17.4, 19.0) | 2.6 (2.0, 3.3) | 16.0 (14.6, 17.3) | 30.8 (27.3, 34.2) | 59.0 (56.4, 61.5) |
| Age, y | ≤ .001 | ≤ .001 | ≤ .001 | ≤ .001 | |
| 18–29 | 29.6 (27.2, 32.0) | 6.5 (4.3, 8.8) | 37.1 (32.1, 42.0) | 48.7 (41.2, 56.2) | 67.7 (61.6, 73.7) |
| 30–44 | 22.8 (20.9, 24.7) | 2.6 (1.4, 3.8) | 20.9 (17.6, 24.3) | 32.7 (26.1, 39.4) | 63.3 (58.7, 68.0) |
| 45–59 | 16.3 (14.9, 17.7) | 1.4 (0.5, 2.3) | 14.9 (12.4, 17.3) | 19.2 (14.2, 24.2) | 53.9 (49.6, 58.1) |
| ≥ 60 | 7.7 (6.8, 8.6) | . . . | 6.5 (5.2, 7.8) | 10.2 (5.9, 14.5) | 47.4 (42.4, 52.4) |
| Poverty levelb | ≤ .001 | ≤ .01 | < .05 | ||
| Below poverty level | 27.9 (24.8, 31.0) | 4.1 (1.5, 6.8) | 20.4 (14.4, 26.5) | 51.2 (37.0, 65.3) | 53.3 (47.7, 58.8) |
| At or above poverty level | 17.1 (16.3, 18.0) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.2) | 15.7 (14.3, 17.0) | 29.1 (25.6, 32.7) | 60.7 (57.9, 63.5) |
| Education level | ≤ .001 | < .05 | |||
| High school/GED or less | 21.0 (19.4, 22.5) | 3.2 (1.9, 4.6) | 16.3 (13.9, 18.7) | 38.3 (29.3, 47.3) | 57.1 (53.5, 60.7) |
| Some college or more | 16.4 (15.4, 17.3) | 2.2 (1.6, 2.9) | 15.8 (14.2, 17.3) | 28.8 (25.1, 32.4) | 61.7 (58.4, 64.9) |
| Sexual orientationc | ≤ .001 | ≤ .01 | < .05 | < .05 | |
| Sexual minority | 29.6 (26.0, 33.2) | 3.5 (0.9, 6.1) | 24.0 (18.1, 29.9) | 41.0 (30.2, 51.8) | 65.9 (58.7, 73.1) |
| Heterosexual | 17.3 (16.5, 18.2) | 2.6 (1.9, 3.3) | 15.4 (14.1, 16.8) | 29.7 (26.0, 33.4) | 57.8 (55.1, 60.6) |
| Race/ethnicity | < .05 | ≤ .001 | ≤ .01 | ≤ .001 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 17.5 (16.5, 18.4) | 2.1 (1.4, 2.8) | 15.1 (13.7, 16.6) | 25.3 (21.5, 29.1) | 62.0 (59.1, 64.9) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 17.3 (14.8, 19.8) | 2.7 (1.0, 4.3) | 9.9 (6.4, 13.5) | 37.9 (27.5, 48.4) | 45.6 (38.7, 52.6) |
| Non-Hispanic other | 18.9 (15.3, 22.5) | 4.8 (1.7, 7.9) | 19.1 (12.0, 26.3) | 37.8 (22.4, 53.2) | 60.7 (49.8, 71.6) |
| Hispanic | 21.6 (19.0, 24.2) | 3.3 (1.2, 5.4) | 22.6 (18.2, 27.1) | 42.0 (31.8, 52.3) | 60.6 (53.2, 68.0) |
| Primary insurance | ≤ .001 | ≤ .001 | ≤ .001 | ||
| Private/insured | 16.7 (15.7, 17.8) | 2.2 (1.5, 3.0) | 17.4 (15.7, 19.2) | 29.2 (25.2, 33.3) | 58.5 (54.9, 62.1) |
| Medicare | 11.2 (9.8, 12.6) | . . . | 7.8 (5.9, 9.7) | 11.6 (5.8, 17.4) | 57.3 (51.4, 63.1) |
| Medicaid/state assistance | 31.0 (27.6, 34.4) | 5.9 (2.5, 9.2) | 24.0 (17.7, 30.2) | 38.2 (25.1, 51.2) | 62.0 (56.0, 68.1) |
| VA/DOD/military program | 18.1 (13.8, 22.3) | . . . | 14.1 (8.2, 20.1) | 34.3 (17.1, 51.6) | 60.9 (48.3, 73.4) |
| Uninsured | 32.9 (28.8, 37.0) | 8.1 (3.1, 13.1) | 29.5 (21.4, 37.7) | 63.1 (49.8, 76.5) | 58.0 (50.9, 65.1) |
| Employment type | ≤ .001 | ≤ .001 | ≤ .001 | ≤ .01 | |
| Working | 20.5 (19.3, 21.6) | 3.0 (2.1, 4.0) | 19.8 (18.0, 21.7) | 33.0 (29.0, 37.1) | 61.3 (58.1, 64.6) |
| NW, laid off/looking for work | 25.0 (20.8, 29.1) | 6.2 (2.2, 10.2) | 20.6 (12.5, 28.7) | 34.3 (19.4, 49.2) | 62.6 (53.5, 71.7) |
| NW, retired | 7.1 (6.1, 8.1) | . . . | 5.2 (3.7, 6.6) | 12.2 (6.4, 18.0) | 47.0 (40.9, 53.0) |
| NW, disabled | 28.4 (24.2, 32.6) | . . . | 18.1 (11.5, 24.8) | 16.7 (4.5, 29.0) | 59.8 (52.8, 66.9) |
| NW, other | 14.9 (12.1, 17.8) | . . . | 18.6 (12.6, 24.6) | 39.3 (17.8, 60.9) | 52.2 (42.3, 62.1) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; DOD = Department of Defense; GED = general equivalency diploma; NW = not working; VA = Veteran Affairs. P values indicate significant associations between sociodemographic characteristics and ENDS awareness (overall and separately by combustible tobacco smoking status), as determined by the Rao-Scott χ2 test.
Current cigarette smokers (including mono use and dual and poly use with other combustible products).
Defined by the 2016 and 2017 US Censuses.
Because of missing data on sexual orientation, analyses related to sexual orientation included 11 400 participants: 3833 never combustible tobacco users, 4167 former combustible tobacco users, 976 current users of noncigarette combustible tobacco, and 2424 current cigarette smokers.