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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 8.
Published in final edited form as: Water (Basel). 2018 Jul 27;10(8):991. doi: 10.3390/w10080991

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Generalized structure of the VELMA model, and applications for LID. VELMA’s domain is a watershed (a). Each grid cell within the watershed has four soil layers (b), including LID applied to the land surface). Infiltration from LID is transported to the first soil layer (black arrow). Further vertical transport of water (in this paper), carbon, and nitrogen transport can occur between each grid cell’s four layers (white arrows), and surplus water (or carbon, nitrogen) is transferred from a grid cell to the adjacent, most down gradient cell(s) in the watershed (blue arrows). P = Precipitation; ET = evapotranspiration. Modified from Abdelnour et al. [21].