Table 2:

Estimates of the CDPF for reading Skills at Age Five (Kindergarten Entry)

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
	VAM	Cumulative	VAM-plus lagged inputs	VAM - 2 lags	VAM - 3 lags	VAM-plus with 3 lags	Child fixed effect^
Contemporaneous Inputs
Sings songs – 5 yrs.	0.023	0.011	0.0020	0.029	0.029	0.012	0.025
	(0.029)	(0.034)	(0.029)	(0.031)	(0.031)	(0.031)	(0.029)
Reads books – 5 yrs.	0.14***	0.18***	0.14***	0.14***	0.14***	0.14***	0.070***
	(0.029)	(0.035)	(0.030)	(0.032)	(0.032)	(0.032)	(0.023)
10 or more books in home – 5 yrs.	0.030	0.061	−0.011	0.039	0.038	0.0012	0.27***
	(0.050)	(0.069)	(0.051)	(0.049)	(0.049)	(0.054)	(0.039)
Lagged Inputs
Sings songs – 4 yrs.		0.066**	0.038			0.035
		(0.033)	(0.024)			(0.027)
Sings songs - 2 yrs.		0.10**	0.039			0.022
		(0.051)	(0.044)			(0.049)
Sings songs - 9 mo.		0.055	0.032			0.012
		(0.050)	(0.041)			(0.041)
Reads books – 4 yrs.		0.080**	0.0082			0.013
		(0.040)	(0.034)			(0.032)
Reads books - 2 yrs.		0.061	−0.00045			−0.016
		(0.044)	(0.037)			(0.038)
Reads books - 9 mo.		0.090**	−0.016			−0.015
		(0.037)	(0.032)			(0.032)
10 or more books in home – 4 yrs.		0.19***	0.095*			0.089
		(0.069)	(0.056)			(0.062)
10 or more books in home - 2 yrs.		0.046	−0.028			−0.027
		(0.046)	(0.039)			(0.041)
Reading scale score (std.) – 4 yrs.	0.57***		0.56***	0.55***	0.55***	0.55***
	(0.022)		(0.023)	(0.022)	(0.023)	(0.024)
Reading scale score (std.) - 2 yrs.				0.073***	0.070***	0.071***
				(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)
Reading scale score (std.) - 9 mo.					0.017	0.019
					(0.027)	(0.027)
Child and Family Characteristics
Male	−0.039	−0.11***	−0.034	−0.026	−0.026	−0.020
	(0.025)	(0.030)	(0.026)	(0.025)	(0.025)	(0.026)
Black	0.012	0.0045	0.023	0.038	0.038	0.048
	(0.039)	(0.040)	(0.040)	(0.043)	(0.043)	(0.044)
Hispanic	0.056	−0.10**	0.065	0.089**	0.090**	0.096**
	(0.040)	(0.045)	(0.039)	(0.045)	(0.044)	(0.043)
Asian	0.27***	0.51***	0.28***	0.30***	0.30***	0.30***
	(0.052)	(0.057)	(0.052)	(0.060)	(0.060)	(0.060)
Other race	−0.051	−0.068	−0.036	−0.040	−0.034	−0.019
	(0.071)	(0.079)	(0.069)	(0.079)	(0.079)	(0.077)
Low birthweight	−0.048*	−0.14***	−0.052*	−0.014	−0.0057	−0.0080
	(0.028)	(0.034)	(0.028)	(0.030)	(0.030)	(0.031)
College	0.12***	0.39***	0.11***	0.11***	0.11***	0.10***
	(0.029)	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.031)	(0.031)	(0.032)
Observations	6300	6600	6250	5850	5850	5800	158591

Standard errors in parentheses.

^*p<.10

^**p<.05

^***p<.01.

Observations are rounded to the nearest 50 in compliance with the ECLS-B security requirements. Coefficients represent a standard deviation change in observer-rated child reading ability between 5 and 6 years of age derived from the ECLS-B reading assessment (during the fall of their kindergarten year; see text and Appendix E for more detail). VAM (1) is the Value-added model, which includes contemporaneous inputs and the first period lag of the dependent variable (child reading score) from the age-4 wave. The Cumulative model in (2) includes all lagged and contemporaneous input measures, but not lagged reading scores. The VAM-plus (3) includes everything in (1) and adds the lagged inputs. The model in (4) VAM-2 lags adds to (1) the second period lagged reading score (at age 2), and the VAM-3 lags (5) adds both the second and third period lagged reading scores (ages 2 and 9 months). Model (6) adds to (5) the contemporaneous inputs and the history of lagged inputs. (7) is a within-child difference estimator that includes only time-varying inputs. Models estimated using a complete-case sample shown in Appendix F.

^{^}Coefficients on inputs displayed for the age-5 wave, but are within-child estimates. Observation count represents unique cases.

¹Unique case count for the child fixed effect model is 6850.