Table 3:
Estimates of the CDPF for reading Skills at Age Four
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cumulative | VAM | VAM with parenting measure | VAM-plus lagged inputs | VAM-plus with parenting | VAM-plus with 2 lags | VAM-plus with 2 lags & parenting | Child fixed effect^ | |
| Contemporaneous Inputs | ||||||||
| Sings songs – 4 yrs. | 0.049* | 0.075** | 0.067** | 0.039 | 0.022 | 0.037 | 0.021 | 0.10** |
| (0.027) | (0.029) | (0.030) | (0.028) | (0.033) | (0.028) | (0.033) | (0.040) | |
| Reads books – 4 yrs. | 0.17*** | 0.21*** | 0.18*** | 0.16*** | 0.13*** | 0.16*** | 0.12*** | 0.050 |
| (0.029) | (0.030) | (0.031) | (0.032) | (0.037) | (0.032) | (0.037) | (0.031) | |
| 10 or more books in home – 4 yrs. | 0.15*** | 0.18*** | 0.14*** | 0.13*** | 0.037 | 0.13*** | 0.035 | 0.27*** |
| (0.037) | (0.042) | (0.041) | (0.043) | (0.055) | (0.043) | (0.055) | (0.053) | |
| Parent-child interaction (TB subscales) – 4 yrs. | 0.091*** | 0.063*** | 0.063*** | 0.14*** | ||||
| (0.013) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.014) | |||||
| Lagged Inputs | ||||||||
| Sings songs - 2 yrs. | 0.097*** | 0.066* | 0.062 | 0.069* | 0.063 | |||
| (0.035) | (0.037) | (0.045) | (0.037) | (0.045) | ||||
| Sings songs - 9 mo. | 0.012 | 0.0018 | −0.035 | −0.00089 | −0.037 | |||
| (0.035) | (0.034) | (0.042) | (0.035) | (0.042) | ||||
| Reads books - 2 yrs. | 0.13*** | 0.10*** | 0.090** | 0.10*** | 0.091** | |||
| (0.032) | (0.035) | (0.037) | (0.035) | (0.037) | ||||
| Reads books - 9 mo. | 0.11*** | 0.089*** | 0.11*** | 0.086*** | 0.11*** | |||
| (0.027) | (0.026) | (0.037) | (0.026) | (0.036) | ||||
| 10 or more books in home - 2 yrs. | 0.14*** | 0.082* | 0.067 | 0.081* | 0.067 | |||
| (0.040) | (0.042) | (0.046) | (0.041) | (0.047) | ||||
| Parent-child interaction (TB subscales) - 2 yrs. | 0.043** | 0.042** | ||||||
| (0.019) | (0.019) | |||||||
| Parent-child interaction (NCATS score) - 9 mo. | 0.036** | 0.034** | ||||||
| (0.014) | (0.014) | |||||||
| Reading scale score (std.) - 2 yrs. | 0.28*** | 0.27*** | 0.26*** | 0.26*** | 0.25*** | 0.25*** | ||
| (0.013) | (0.016) | (0.014) | (0.020) | (0.014) | (0.020) | |||
| Reading scale score (std.) - 9 mo. | 0.039 | 0.040 | ||||||
| (0.024) | (0.029) | |||||||
| Child and Family Characteristics | ||||||||
| Male | −0.14*** | −0.043* | −0.047* | −0.047* | −0.043 | −0.045* | −0.040 | |
| (0.026) | (0.026) | (0.026) | (0.026) | (0.033) | (0.026) | (0.032) | ||
| Black | −0.020 | 0.022 | 0.033 | 0.063* | 0.100** | 0.060* | 0.099** | |
| (0.033) | (0.035) | (0.036) | (0.034) | (0.043) | (0.034) | (0.043) | ||
| Hispanic | −0.24*** | −0.19*** | −0.16*** | −0.15*** | −0.084* | −0.16*** | −0.086* | |
| (0.038) | (0.034) | (0.036) | (0.034) | (0.044) | (0.035) | (0.044) | ||
| Asian | 0.35*** | 0.39*** | 0.46*** | 0.42*** | 0.53*** | 0.42*** | 0.52*** | |
| (0.047) | (0.046) | (0.056) | (0.046) | (0.066) | (0.045) | (0.066) | ||
| Other race | −0.0054 | 0.039 | 0.064 | 0.049 | 0.067 | 0.021 | 0.069 | |
| (0.057) | (0.058) | (0.062) | (0.058) | (0.061) | (0.047) | (0.060) | ||
| Low birthweight | −0.20*** | −0.084*** | −0.075*** | −0.087*** | −0.085*** | −0.067*** | −0.064* | |
| (0.027) | (0.026) | (0.026) | (0.025) | (0.032) | (0.025) | (0.035) | ||
| College | 0.52*** | 0.46*** | 0.44*** | 0.43*** | 0.37*** | 0.43*** | 0.37*** | |
| (0.033) | (0.034) | (0.037) | (0.033) | (0.039) | (0.033) | (0.039) | ||
| Observations | 8200 | 7550 | 6700 | 7550 | 5050 | 7550 | 5050 | 165251 |
Standard errors in parentheses.
p<.10
p<.05
p<.01.
Coefficients represent a standard deviation change in observer-rated child reading ability at 4 years of age (dependent variable) derived from the ECLS-B reading assessment (see text and Appendix E for more detail). Observations are rounded to the nearest 50 in compliance with the ECLS-B security requirements. The Cumulative model in (1) includes all lagged and contemporaneous input measures, but not lagged reading scores. VAM (2) is the Value-added model, which includes contemporaneous inputs and the first period lag of the dependent variable (child reading score) from the age-2 wave. Model (3) adds to (2) the contemporaneous parent-child interaction assessment score. The VAM-plus (4) includes everything in (2) and adds all the lagged inputs less the lagged parent-child interaction scores, which is added in (5). The VAM-plus with 2 lags (6) adds to (4) the second period lagged reading score (at 9 months). Model (7) adds to (6) the contemporaneous and lagged parent-child interaction scores. (8) is a within-child difference estimator that includes only time-varying inputs. Models estimated using a complete-case sample shown in Appendix F.
Coefficients on inputs displayed for the age-4 wave, but are within-child estimates. Observation count represents unique cases.
Unique case count for the child fixed effect model is 6650.