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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Sports Med. 2019 Sep;49(9):1365–1381. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01146-1

Figure 1: Reflex-driven cardiovascular responses to passive exercise.

Figure 1:

A) Experimental setup used by Nobrega and Araujo 1993 and Nobrega et al. 1994 illustrating adapted tandem bicycling for the assessment of reflex-driven cardiovascular responses to passive exercise. During the protocol, the subject being studied, on the front of the bicycle, remained relaxed while breathing through a mouthpiece. The rider on the back of the bicycle actively performed the exercise task. During passive exercise, oxygen uptake (mass spectrometer), cardiac output (acetylene rebreathing), blood pressure (finometer), heart rate (EKG), and muscle activity (EKG) were assessed. B) The heart rate response during 4 sec of active (filled circles) and passive (open circles) exercise was recorded, with a clear passive exercise-induced increase in HR being documented. Modified from Nobrega et al. [29].