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. 2019 Aug 8;9:11529. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47872-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of PM_4.0 exposure on inflammation in NF-κB-luciferase^+/+ transgenic mice. (a,b) Bioluminescence imaging of the chest cavity and lung tissue of transgenic NF-κB^+/+ mice after exposure to saline solution, 10 and 20 mg/Kg of PM_4.0 for 4 weeks. (c) Both PM_4.0-exposed transgenic mice had more black particle deposition in the BALF and lung tissue than the control group. Red arrow: PM_4.0 aggregation. (d) PM_4.0 exposure increased the total cell and total protein levels, the macrophage and neutrophil cell counts, the inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α) levels, and the DCF (ROS) levels in BALF; decreased of total SOD activity in lung tissue; increased the circulating inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α) levels in serum compared to those in the control group. n = 8 per group. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to the control group.