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. 2019 Aug 8;9:11529. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47872-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Kefir peptides decrease the PM_4.0-induced inflammation in NF-κB-luciferase^+/+ transgenic mice. (a,b) Kefir peptides suppressed the PM_4.0-induced signal observed via bioluminescence imaging of the chest cavity and lung tissue in mice compared with that in the PM_4.0/Mock group. (c) Kefir peptides reduced the PM_4.0-induced black particle deposition in the BALF and lung tissue compared with that in the PM_4.0/Mock group. Red arrow: PM_4.0 aggregation. (d) Kefir peptides decreased the PM_4.0-induced changes in total cell number, total protein level, macrophage and neutrophil cell counts, inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α) level, and ROS level in BALF; increased the SOD activity in lung tissue; and decreased the circulating inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α) levels in serum compared those in the PM_4.0/Mock group. n = 8 per group. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001 compared to the control group. *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to PM_4.0/Mock group.