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. 2019 Aug 8;9:11529. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47872-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Kefir peptides mitigate the PM_4.0-induced activation of the NLRP3-dependent and NF-κB-dependent pathways in the lung tissue of NF-κB-luciferase^+/+ transgenic mice. (a) Kefir peptides reduced the PM_4.0-induced protein expression levels of NLRP3, p-NF-κB, NF-κB, caspase-1 and IL-1β compared with those in the PM_4.0/Mock group. (b) Quantification of the protein expression levels by normalization to the internal control, β-actin, while the p-NF-κB expression was normalized by NF-κB. (c) Kefir peptides reduced the PM_4.0-induced protein expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-4 compared with those in the PM_4.0/Mock group. (d) Quantification of the protein expression levels by normalization to the internal control, β-actin. Representative images showing the protein expression levels assayed by Western blotting. n = 8 per group. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. ^###p < 0.001 compared to the control group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to the Mock group.