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. 2019 Aug 8;9:11529. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47872-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Kefir peptides improved the PM_4.0-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in NF-κB-luciferase^+/+ transgenic mice. (a) Morphologic features of the mice lung inflammation observed by H&E staining. Kefir peptides reduced the PM_4.0-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice compared with that in the PM_4.0/Mock group. (b) The collagen deposition in the lung tissue of the mice was observed by Masson’s trichrome staining. Kefir peptides reduced the PM_4.0-induced collagen deposition in the pulmonary tissue of the mice compared that in the PM_4.0/Mock group. (c) Collagen fibers in the lung tissue of the mice were observed by Sirius red staining. Kefir peptides reduced the PM_4.0-induced collagen fibers in the pulmonary tissue of mice compared with that in the PM_4.0/Mock group. The scale bars in all images indicate 100 μm. Lower magnification (100x) images of lung tissues are shown in the upper panel. Higher magnification (200x) images are shown in the lower panel. (d) Changes in the protein expression level of α-SMA in different groups normalized to an internal control, β-actin. Kefir peptides reduced the PM_4.0-induced protein expression levels of α-SMA compared that in the PM_4.0/Mock group; the levels were normalized to the internal control, β-actin. Representative images of the protein expression levels assayed by Western blotting. n = 8 per group. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. ^###p < 0.001 compared to the control group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to the PM_4.0/Mock group.