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. 2019 Aug 8;9:11507. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47977-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended InCa system with ¹³CO₂ and ¹²CO₂ gas analysers and technical validation with mice (first mouse study). (a) Simplified configuration of the system showing elements connected in parallel (12 mouse cages and one reference cage) and in in series (six gas sensors). Arrows indicate the direction of the airflow. (b–d) Female mice raised on wheat-based chow (n = 12) were acclimatised to the InCa system and then switched to one of two diets containing 57% w/w maize starch (HDD and LDD, both containing the same proportion of starch; n = 6 per diet). (b) ¹³CO₂ enrichment calculated from ¹³CO₂ and ¹²CO₂ concentrations were measured continuously for 6.5 d. (c) Mean ¹³CO₂ enrichment over the complete periods on wheat-based chow or maize-based diets. (d) Food intake was measured before and during HDD and LDD feeding. Shaded areas represent the dark phase. **P ≤ 0.01. Data is presented as mean ± SD. InCa, indirect calorimetry; Ref., reference cage; ZT, Zeitgeber time.