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. 2019 Aug 8;9:11507. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47977-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Kinetics of instantaneous ¹³CO₂ enrichment measured by extended InCa after gavage of a single liquid mixed meal containing ¹³C-labelled tracers, in mice fed a HFD for nine weeks (second mouse study). (a) ¹³CO₂ enrichment after ingestion of the ¹³C glucose liquid mixed meal followed for 13 h (n = 23), calculated from ¹³CO₂ and ¹²CO₂ concentrations. (b) ¹³CO₂ (left y-axis) and ¹²CO₂ (right y-axis) concentrations used to calculate ¹³CO₂ enrichments as shown in panel (a), expressed as the difference (delta) from gas concentrations measured in mouse-occupied cages minus gas concentrations in the reference cage (i.e. gas production). (c) ¹³CO₂ enrichment after ingestion of the ¹³C palmitate liquid mixed meal (n = 24). (d) ¹³CO₂ (left y-axis) and ¹²CO₂ (right y-axis) concentrations used to calculate ¹³CO₂ enrichments as shown in panel (c). The horizontal dotted lines indicate baseline ¹³CO₂ enrichment. Shaded areas represent the dark phase. Data is presented as mean ± SD. PW, postnatal week.