Table 3.
Pyrethroid degrading microorganisms and their optimized conditions in lab/field.
| S. No | Bacteria/Fungi/ Insect/Other | Pyrethroid used | Standard condition for growth | Specific statement | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescence, and Achromobacter sp. | Permethrin, deltamethrin, fastac, fenvalerate, and fluvalinate | pH-7.0 Temp-30°C Tween,80 to maintain relatively insoluble compound in solution | 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid was the major product Permethrin transformed rapidly as compared to others | Maloney et al., 1988 |
| 2 | Pseudomonas sp. ET1 | 3-Phenoxybenzoate | pH-7.2 Temp-30°C | Phenoxy substituted benzyl aldehyde was metabolized whereas benzyl alcohol, benzene, phenol, and aniline were not | Toppw and Akhtar, 1991 |
| 3 | Trichoderma viridae, Trichoderma terricola, Aspergillus niger, and Phanerochate chrysosporium | Beta-cyfluthrin | pH-6.5°C czapek dox medium used | Cleavage of ether linkage result in metabolites formation. That is confirmed by NMR analysis | Saikia and Gopal, 2004; Deng et al., 2015 |
| 4 | Acidomonas sp. | Allethrin | pH-7.0 Temp-37°C with minimal salt medium | Allethrin is metabolized by hydrolytic pathway followed by dehydrogenation and oxidation | Paingankar et al., 2005 |
| 5 | Pseudomonas stutzeri S1 | Beta-cyfluthrin | pH-7.0 Temp-28°C Minimal salt media | Strain able to degrade the beta-cyfluthrin | Saikia et al., 2005 |
| 6 | Aspergillus niger ZD11 | Trans-permethrin, cis-permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin | pH-6.8 Temp-30°C Minimal salt media | Novel pyrethroid hydrolase having the potential of wide range of pyrethroid degradation | Liang et al., 2005; Deng et al., 2015 |
| 7 | Micrococcus sp. CPN1 | Cypermethrin | Seuberts mineral salt medium at 150 rpm | Presence of 3-phenoxybenzoate, protochatachauate, and phenol were investigated | Tallur et al., 2008 |
| 8 | Bacillus sp. | Cypermethrin | pH-7.0 Temp.30°C Rpm-110 Minimal salt medium | 3-Phenoxybenzaldegyde and other metabolites of the pathway | Bhatt et al., 2016b, 2019b |
| 9 | Sphingobium sp. JZ-2 | Fenpropathrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, and bifenthrin | pH-7.0 Temp-30°C Luria Bertani medium | 3-Phenoxybenzadihyde, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, 3-phenoxybenzoate, protocatechuate, and catechol | Guo et al., 2009 |
| 10 | Serratia spp. | Beta-cypermethrin | pH-6-9 Temp-20–38°C | 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid, phenol (92% degradation occurs within 10 days by Serratia strains) | Zhang et al., 2010 |
| 11. | Ochrobactrum tritici pyd-1 | Cis and trans permethrin, fenpropathrin | Luria Bertani medium Temp-30°C | 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopropane carboxylic, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-phenoxybenzoic acid, protocatechuate, and p-hydroquinone | Wang et al., 2011 |
| 12 | Clostridium sp. ZP3 | Fenpropathrin | pH-7.5 Temp-35°C | Benzyl alcohol, benzenemathanol, and 3,5-dimethylamphetamine | Zhang S. et al., 2011 |
| 13 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa CH7 | Beta-cypermethrin | pH-6-9 Temp-25–35°C | Biosurfactant production increased beta-cypermethrin degradation | Zhang C. et al., 2011 |
| 14 | Neustonic and epiphytic bacteria | Deltamethrin | pH-7.0 Temp-20°C Minimal salt medium | Bacteria reduced the initial concentration of cypermethrin | Kalwasinska et al., 2011 |
| 15 | Bacillus cereus MTCC1305 | Fenvalerate | pH-6-7.4 | HPLC analysis showed 500 ppm fenvalerate degradation by the bacterium | Selvam et al., 2013 |
| 16 | Pseudomonas viridoflava | Fenvalerate | pH-6.2-7.0 | HPLC analysis showed the pyrethroid is degraded with different peak areas | Selvam et al., 2013 |
| 17 | Serratia marcescens | Deltamethrin | No data | 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde and peaks of other metabolites | Cycoń et al., 2014 |
| 18 | Acinetobactor calcoaceticus Mcm5 | Cypermethrin, bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin | pH-7.0 Temp-30°C | All the pyrethroid degraded by the bacterial strain Mcm5 | Akbar et al., 2015b |
| 19 | Azorcus indigens HZ5 | Cypermethrin | pH-7.0 Temp-30°C | 70% cypermethrin degradation after 144 h | Burns and Pastoor, 2018 |
| 20 | Bacillus sp. SG2 | Cypermethrin | pH-7.0 Temp-32°C | 82% cypermethrin degraded after 15 days of experiment | Bhatt et al., 2016b, 2019a |
| 21 | Bacillus sp. DG-02 | Fenpropathrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, and bifenthrin | pH-7.5 Temp-30°C | Different biodegradation patterns followed with distinct concentration | Chen et al., 2012b, 2014 |
| 22 | Bacillus amyloliquifaciens AP01 | Cypermethrin | pH-7.0 Temp-30°C | Approximately 45% cypermethrin degradation observed in 5 days | Lee et al., 2016 |
| 23 | Bacillus megaterium Jcm2 Brevibacillus parabrevis Jcm4 | Cypermethrin, bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin | pH-7.0 Temp-30°C | Maximum 89% degradation obtained in cypermethrin | Akbar et al., 2015a |
| 24 | Brevibacterium aureum DG-12 | Cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, fenpropathrin, deltamethrin, bifenthrin, and cypermethrin | pH-7.0 Temp-27°C | Maximum 84.7% biodegradation observed with cyfluthrin | Chen et al., 2013a |
| 25 | Catellibacterium sp. CC-5 | Cypermethrin, fenvlerate, fenpropathrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, and cyhalothrin | pH-7.0 Temp-30°C | 90% biodegradation achieved after 7 days with cypermethrin and deltamethrin | Zhao et al., 2013 |
| 26 | Lysinbacillus sphaericus FLQ-11-1 | Cyfluthrin | pH-7.0 Temp-35°C | Approximately 80% cyfluthrin removal after 5 days | Hu et al., 2014 |
| 27 | Ochrobactrum lupini DG-S-01 | Cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin, cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin | pH-7.0 Temp-30°C | Maximum 90% biodegradation obtained with cypermethrin within 5 days | Chen et al., 2011a |
| 28 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa JQ-41 | Fenpropathrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, bifenthrin, and cyhalothrin | pH-7.0 Temp-30°C | Maximum 91.7% biodegradation obtained with fenpropathrin after 7 days of experiment | Song et al., 2015 |
| 29 | Pseudomonas flourescens | Cypermethrin | pH-7.0 Temp-25°C | 37.2% cypermethrin degraded in absence of sucrose after 96 h | Grant et al., 2002 |
| 30 | Rhodococcus sp. Jcm5 | Cypermethrin, bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin | pH-7.0 Temp-30°C | 100% cypermethrin catabolism occures in 10 days | Akbar et al., 2015b |
| 31 | Stenotrophomonas sp. ZS-S-01 | Fenvalerate, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, and cyhalothrin | pH-7.0 Temp-30°C | Catabolic degradation in case of fenvalerate complete degradation occurs in 6 days | Chen et al., 2011d |
| 32 | Streptomyces sp. HU-S-01 | Cypermethrin | pH-7.5 Temp-26–28°C | 90% cypermethrin degradation in 24 h | Lin et al., 2011 |
| 33 | Streptomyces aureus HP-S-01 | Cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, fenvalerate, fenpropathrin, and permethrin | pH-7.5-7.8 Temp-27–28°C | Cyfluthrin, bifenthrin and fenvalerate degraded completely within 5 days | Chen et al., 2011c, 2012d |
| 34 | Candia pelliculosa ZS-02 | Bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, cypermethrin, and fenpropathrin | pH-7.2 Temp-32°C | Only bifenthrin degraded completely within 5 days | Chen et al., 2012c |
| 35. clc | Cladosporium sp. HU | Fenvalerate, fenpropathrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, bifenthrin, and permethrin | pH-7.2 Temp-26°C | Fenvalerate, fenpropathrin, cypermethrin degraded completely within 5 days | Chen et al., 2011b |
| 36 | Phaenerochate chrysosporium | Cyfluthrin | pH-6.5 Temp-28°C | Co-metabolic degradation (60%) after 30 days of experiment | Saikia and Gopal, 2004 |
| 37 | Bacillus cereus BCC01 | Beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, fenvalerate, and cyhalothrin | pH-7.0 Temp-30°C | Six metabolites were detected after biodegradation: α-hydroxy-3-phenoxy-benzeneacetonitrile, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, methyl-3-phenoxybenzoate, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 3,5-dimethoxyphenol | Hu et al., 2019 |
| 38 | Bacillus subtilis BSF01 | Cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cyhalothrin, and β-cyfluthrin | pH-6.7 Temp-34.5°C | Cis/trans β-cypermethrin, 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, α-hydroxy-3-phenoxybenzeneacetonitrile, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, 3-pheoxybenzoic acid, and 3,5-dimethoxyphenol | Xiao et al., 2015 |
| 39 | Pseudomonas fulva P31 | D-phenothrin | pH-7.3 Temp-29.5°C | 3-Phenoxybenzaldegyde and 1,2- benzene dicarboxylic butyl dacyl ester identified as major intermediates | Yang et al., 2018 |
| 40 | Sepedonium maheswarium | Beta-cyfluthrin | PDA media Temp-25 ± 2°C | Dissipation study | Mukherjee and Mittal, 2007 |
| 41 | Penicillum raistrickii CBMAI 93, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI935, Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1237, Microsphaeropsis sp. CBMAI1675, Acremonium sp. CBMAI 1676, Westerdykella sp. CBMAI 1679, and Cladosporium sp. CBMAI1678 | Esfenvalerate | pH-7 Temp-32°C | All fungal strains degraded esfenvalerate with different efficiencies | Birolli et al., 2016a; Zhao et al., 2016 |
| 42 | Aspergillus sp. CBMAI 1829, Acremonium sp. CBMAI 1676, Microsphaeropsis sp. CBMAI 1675, and Westerdykella sp. CBMAI 1679 | Lambda-cyhalothrin | pH-7 Temp-32°C | Enantioselctive degradation of cyhalothrin by the fungal strains | Birolli et al., 2016a; Zhao et al., 2018 |
| 43 | Cunninghamella elegans DSM1908 | Cyhalothrin | pH-5.6 Temp-28°C | Intermediate metabolites and proposed pathways identified | Birolli et al., 2018 |
| 44 | Phtobacterium genghwense PGS6046 | Cyfluthrin | pH-8 Temp-30°C | Characterized metabolites in different culture conditions | Wang et al., 2018 |
| 45 | Acinetobacter baumanii ZH-14 | Permethrin | pH-7.0 Temp-30°C | Strain degraded permethrin as well as wide variety of pyrethroids | Zhan et al., 2018 |
| 46 | Raoultella ornithinolytica ZK4 | Pyrethroids | pH-6.5, Temp-37°C | Bacteria was isolated from the soil sediment that degraded different pyrethroids | Zhang et al., 2019 |
| 47 | Klebsiella pneumoniae BPBA052 | 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid | pH-7.7 Temp-35.01°C | Bacterium uses 3-phenoxybenzoic acid as carbon and energy source | Tang et al., 2019 |
| 48 | Rhodopseudomonas sp. PSB07-21 | Fenpropathrin | pH-7.0 Temp-35°C | Photoheterotrophic mode of growth was better as compared to photoautotrophic growth mode | Luo et al., 2019 |