Table 4.

Pyrethroid degrading enzymes from different sources.

S. No.	Pyrethroid isomer used for study	Microbes/other source	Enzymes	Metabolites	References
1	Trans-permethrin, cis-permethrin, and racemic permethrin	Bacillus cereus	Permethrinase with molecular weight 61KDa	B-naphthylacetate was used as substrate, no specific data of pathway reported	Maloney et al., 1993
2	Trans-permethrin and cis-permethrin	Lucila cuprina and Drosophila melanogaster Helicoverpa armigera	Carboxylestease enzyme plays role in pyrethroid hydrolysis	No data	Heidari et al., 2005; Li et al., 2019
3	Trans-permethrin, cis-permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin	Aspergillus niger ZD11	Novel pyrethroid hydrolase degrades permethrin and similar compounds	No data	Liang et al., 2005
4	Deltamethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, and λ-cyhalothrin	Human liver	hCE-1 and hCE-2 carboxylesterases hydrolyze the pyrethroids and pyrethroid like fluorescent surrogates	No data	Nishi et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2018
5	Pyrethroids and organophosphate	Falobacterium sp., Culex pipiens	Co-expression of organophosphate hydrolase and carboxylesterase B1 gene that can degrade many pesticides together	No data	Lan et al., 2006
6	Trans and cis-permethrin	Klebsiella sp. ZD112	Esterase enzyme with molecular weight 73KDa has high efficiency than insect and mammals	p-Nitrophenyl ester was used for enzyme catalysis	Wu et al., 2006
7	Permethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and esfenvalerate	Intestinal, liver and serum carboxylesterse	Hydrolysis of pyrethroids by humans and rat tissues	No data of metabolite	Crow et al., 2007
8	Bioresmethrin α-cypermethrin deltamethrin	Hepatic cells	Hepatic carboxylesterase	Hepatic carboxylesterase metaboloize ester comtaining xenobiotics	Ross et al., 2006
9	Cypermethrin	Soil samples	Soil dehydrogenase	Increased dehydrogenase activity when nitrogen was added into cypermethrin	Xie et al., 2008
10	Prethroids in soil	Soil samples	Pyrethroid hydrolyzing esterase	The genes coding esterase cloned and expressed from metagenomic library	Li et al., 2008
11	Cypermethrin	Bacillus spp.	Esterase and aldehyde dehydrogenase	Upregulation of the enzymes in response to pesticide stress	Bhatt et al., 2019a
12	Cypermethrin	Bacillus sp.	Esterase, dehydrogenease, and many other proteins and enzymes	Differential expression was observed with cypermethrin in Bacillus sp.	Bhatt et al., 2016a
13	Permethrin, fenpropathrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, and bifenthrin	Sphingobium sp. JZ-1	Pyrethroid hydrolyzing carboxylesterase	840bp of gene coding for the enzyme carboxylesterase (molecular mass-31 KDa and PI-4.85)	Wang et al., 2009
14	Fenpropathrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, and bifenthrin	Sphingobium sp. JZ-2	Pyrethroid hydrolase	This enzyme was a monomer of a 31KDa with pI-4.85.	Guo et al., 2009
15	Cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin	Soil samples	Thermostable pyrethroid esterase	Isolated and identified from metagenomic approach. Molecular mass of the enzyme was 30.8 KDa	Fan et al., 2012
16	Lambda-cyhalothrin, beta-cypermethrin, beta cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin	Ochrobactrum anthropi YZ-1	Novel pyrethroid hydrolyzing carboxylesterase	Hingh enzyme specificity, broad substrate activity makes this enzyme as a potential candidate for pyrethroid degradation	Zhai et al., 2012
17	Beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, fenvalerate, and Cyhalothrin	Bacillus cereus BCC01	Carboxylesterase EstA	Enzyme showed excellent adaptability under various circumstances	Hu et al., 2019
18	Fenpropathrin	Rhodopseudomonas palustris PSB-S	Esterase (Est3385)	The optimal temperature (35°C) and pH (6.0) for esterase	Luo et al., 2018, 2019
19	Cypermethrin	Bacillus subtilis	Esterase and laccase	pH-7.0 Temp-32°C	Gangola et al., 2018