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. 2019 Aug 8;9:11545. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47929-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Oscilloscope traces of unipolar (A) and symmetrical bipolar (B) nsPEFs. (a–e) Unipolar nsPEFs were 150, 200, 400 and 800 ns in duration, all applied at an E-field of 3.1 kV/cm. (f–h) Symmetrical bipolar nsPEFs consisted of positive and negative phases of the pulse having the same duration, 150, 200 or 400 ns, and the same E-field of 3.1 kV/cm. Here and in all subsequent figures, the positive phase of the pulse was depicted by an upward arrow (↑) and the negative phase by a downward arrow (↓).