Figure 1.

Experimental configuration for ultrasonic stimulation and optical measurement in the retina. a, Schematic diagram of ultrasound transducer mounted vertically and immersed in perfusion fluid with the focal point on the retina. Two-photon imaging is performed from below while a red LED from above can be used for visual stimulation. b, Top, Expanded view showing that the retina placed ganglion side down on an MEA. P, Photoreceptors; H, horizontal cells; B, bipolar cells; A, amacrine cells; G, ganglion cells. The ultrasound field spans the width of the entire retina. The ultrasound field in free space is shown in Figure 2. Bottom, A population of ganglion cell spiking activity recorded with an MEA in response to ultrasound. c, Retinal image using the dye FM4–64 (showing cell membranes and processes) is a slice in the X-Z plane.